Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOphys Exam 2 > Cardiac 1 Shea > Flashcards

Cardiac 1 Shea Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium (either visceral or parietal layers), but usually inflammation of one causes an inflammation of the other.

A

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pericarditis is often associated w/ other infections of the heart such as _____ or infections involving the thoracic cavity such as _____.

A
  • Myocarditis
  • Tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Simple squamous lubricating layer of the heart

A

Mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many CCs of fluid is typically in the heart?

A

15 - 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many CCs of fluid in the pericardial sac will cause “cardiac stand still” making the heart too heavy causing the conduction system to stop?

A

350 - 375 CCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the #1 cause of cardiac tamponade?

A

Penetrating trauma (MVC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 most common bacterial causes of Epimyocardial Microabscesses?

A
  • Staph Aureus (gram positive cocci in grape clusters)
  • Strep (gram positive in chains)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Is caused by TB
  • Can cause dysrhythmias
A

Constrictive Tuberculous Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • What are 3 causes of pericarditis?
  • Which of the 3 is least common cause?
A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi (least common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 2 other causes of pericarditis?

A
  • Severe autoimmune diseases such as SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)
  • Metabolic waste products that accumulate in blood in chronic renal failure leading to Uremia (kidneys can’t breadk down nitrogenous waste, so it circulates in blood and affects the heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uremia leads to what type of pericarditis?

(from nitrogenous waste, especially ammonia)

A

Fibrinous “fluffy” Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 things can lead to a “sterile inflammation” of the heart?

(pericarditis)

A
  • Trauma
  • Radiation injury
  • Open heart surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathologically, pericarditis is always associated w/ which finding?

A
  • Exudation of fluid into the pericardial sac.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the pathological findings of the fluid for a viral pericarditis.

A

Clear yellow fluid (serous pericarditis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the pathological findings of a bacterial (suppurative) pericarditis. (more common than viral)

A

Purulent exudate, caused by pus forming bacteria (staph aureus or strep pyogenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 types of pericarditis?

A
  • Serofibrinous Effusion
  • Fibrinous (bread & butter)
  • Fibrous (adhesive)
  • Constrictive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • Which type of pericarditis is associated w/ more severe damage such as Rheumatic Fever or early bacterial infections?
  • Has orange fluid on pathologic exam
A

Serofibrinous Effusion/exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which pericarditis?

  • surface of heart w/ shaggy, yellowish layers which bridge the space between the 2 layers of the pericardial sac (obliterating cavity)
  • When the friable strands are separated, the epicardium and pericardium resemble what?
A

FibriNous Pericarditis

“bread N butter”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In which type of pericarditis is there a collagen scar. The entire pericardial sac must be taken off or it can progress to constrictive pericarditis?

A

Fibrous (adhesive) Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which pericarditis?

  • Looks white and stiff on pathologic examination
A

Constrictive Pericarditis

22
Q

An acute inflammation of the myocardium typically caused by ____.

A
  • Myocarditis
  • Viruses
23
Q

What are the 2 ways in which myocarditis can occur?

A
  • Primary disease
  • Or due to Secondary Disorder (Rheumatic Myocarditis due to Rheumatic Fever, lupus, or other autoimmne diseases)
24
Q
  • Over 80% of cases of myocarditis are caused by viruses.
  • Which virus is most common cause?
  • What are other 2 causes?
A
  • Coxsackie B virus (picornavirus, an RNA virus)
  • Fungi & Parasites
25
Q

If there are “mononuclear cells” always think…?

A

Virus

26
Q
  • What are 4 other causes of myocarditis?
  • Which is rare?
A
  • Bacterial (rare)
  • Radiation reaction
  • Hypersensitivity reactions (SLE, Scleroderma, RF)
  • Sarcoidosis (autoimmune disease more common in females due to estrogens)
27
Q

A myocardial pyemic abscess has which type of necrosis?

A

Liquefactive

28
Q

How does the virus in myocarditis survive?

A

By invading the myocardium, they cannot survive outside of the myocardial cells.

29
Q

What does the virus do inside the myocardial cells?

A

Damage vital organelles & cause cell death of the heart muscle cells (weakening the myocardium –> HF)

30
Q

Besides the virus of myocarditis, what else is invading the myocardium?

A
  • T-lymphocytes (that are attracted to virus)
  • Lymphokines are then secreted by the T-lymphocytes (Interleukins and TNF) which weaken the heart even more

(ACUTE, not chronic)

31
Q

What role do lymphokines play in myocarditis?

A

They are supposed to kill the virus, but they also destroy the “virus infected cells” and contribute to HF

32
Q
  • Pale and congested areas w/ mild hypertrophy
  • Biventricular dilatation
  • Generalized hypokinesis of myocardium (tiger effect)
A

Pathology of Viral Myocarditis

33
Q

Flabby and dilated heart

A

Describes hearts of people dying from Myocarditis

34
Q
  • Patchy, diffuse interstitial infiltrate composed of T-lymphocytes & macrophages
  • Inflammatory cells surround individual myocytes w/ focal or patchy acute myocyte necrosis
A

Histology of Myocarditis

35
Q

Clinically, how soon do sxs begin after the infection?

A

a few weeks

36
Q
  • What 3 sxs do patients w/ mild myocarditis present with clinically?
  • What additional sxs do patients present w/ if it is severe?
A

Mild:

  • mild fever
  • SOB
  • malaise

Severe: signs of HF

  • tachycardia
  • peripheral cyanosis
  • pulmonary edema
37
Q

Which sex is affected more by myocarditis?

A

2x more in males

38
Q

Do patients usually die or survive from myocarditis?

A

Despite extensive inflammation, most will recover from ACUTE myocarditis, but a few will die from CHF or arrhythmias.

39
Q

How do you dx viral myocarditis?

A
  • Endomyocardial Biopsy (insert catheter into femoral artery or neck vein, propell it through the aorta into left ventricle or left side of heart)
    • “punch biopsies” , 1 - 2 mm pieces of myocardium are removed(3 to 5 pieces)
40
Q

What is the tx for viral myocarditis?

A

No specific tx, supportive measures are needed

41
Q

Atherosclerosis is only in the arteries and in 1 vein, which vein?

A

saphenous vein (have shown increased luminal narrowing)

42
Q

The aorta has the same 3 layers as the heart, what are they?

A
  • Intima
  • Tunica media
  • Adventitia
43
Q

The first damage of atherosclerosis occurs where?

A

At the interface between the blood and the arterial wall

44
Q

Endothelial cell injury of atherosclerosis is due to which 2 things?

(2 most common causes)

A
  • Metabolic derangement (DM)
  • Physical force / Hemodynamic disruption (HTN)
45
Q
  • Endothelial cell injury
  • Deposition of platelets
  • Deposition of serum lipoproteins (LDLs)

(depositions are under the endothelium which stimulates macrophages)

A

Etiology of atherosclerosis

46
Q

Which location has the least amount of atherosclerosis?

A

Asia

47
Q

Women have very high levels of ____ during their reproductive age due to estrogens. But once they reach menopause their risk of atherosclerosis increases to that of males.

A

HDLs

48
Q

What stimulates the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the artery?

(atherosclerosis etiology)

A

Growth factors released from platelets

49
Q
A
50
Q

Trapped LDLs inside the macrophages are transformed into what?

A

Foam cells

51
Q

Some of the lipid laden smooth muscle cells die, releasing lipid into the intersitial spaces that is degraded and deposited in the form of ____.

A

Cholesterol

PATHOphys Exam 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions