Cardiac Metabolism and Dysfunction

Question 1

Name two common types of lipids (fats)

Answer 1

1) Cholesterol

2) Triglycerides

Question 2

Chylomicron
VLDL contains
LDL contains
HDL contains

VLDL becomes LDL when ______

Answer 2

1. Triglycerides
2. Cholesterol and Triglycerides
   3, 4Cholesterol

*fat soluble vitamins
It delivers triglycerides to cells around it

Question 3

Too much LDL in blood causes what??

Answer 3

Build up of cholesterol deposited in arterial walls, forming fatty plaques

Question 4

VLDL Does?
LDL Does?
HDL Does?

Answer 4

Delivers Triglycerides to cells
Delivers Cholesterol to cells, can accumulate as plaque
Takes up excess cholesterol, in cells and in plaques

Question 5

What sources of energy can cardiac muscle utilize under normal/starvation conditions?

Answer 5

N: Glucose, Fatty Acids (favored), S: Fatty Acids, Ketone Bodies

Question 6

If nutrients are not coming in the adequate amounts what are the energy reserves the heart uses?

Answer 6

Glycogen - Stored Glucose
Phosphocreatine - high energy bond hydrolyzed to form ATP from ADP in cytosol

Both are non substantial

Question 7

Explain Lactic Acid Accumulation (acidosis)

Answer 7

Anaerobic conditions: pyruvate -> lactic acid, w/co-symport disfunction and reduced blood flow. Acid builds up in muscle and causes pain.

Question 8

Angina Pectoris

Answer 8

strangling pain in chest, caused by inadequate supply of O2 to heart. Heart switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism causing LA buildup

Question 9

Angina Pectoris vs MI

Answer 9

In MI you have a non-reversible event, where necrosis has begun.

Question 10

Serum cholesterol should not exceed ______

Answer 10

200 (mg/dl)

Question 11

What is an apoprotien

Answer 11

Protein portion of the lipoprotien

Question 12

Chylomicron
VLDL
LDL
HDL

Come From???

Answer 12

C: Intestines
V: Liver
L: Catabolism of VLDL
H: Liver, intestines

Question 13

In LDL, VLDL remnants & chylomicron remnants, the triglycerides that were taken up by cells are ______ , what happens if these particles don’t make it to liver in time?

Answer 13

replaced by cholesterol in the lipoprotien, If these particles stays in circulation too long they begins to deposit cholesterol in the vessels

Question 14

Estimation of Cholesterol Percentages of Total Cholesterol

LDL
HDL
VLDL

Answer 14

LDL - 65%
HDL - 25%
VLDL - 10%

Question 15

What three cholesterol values can the lab measure?

Answer 15

TC
HDL
TG - Triglycerides

Question 16

What is the Friedewald Formula ?

Answer 16

LDL = TC - (TC/5 - VLDL) - HDL

VLDL = can also be TC(.16)

Question 17

Define Atherosclerosis

Answer 17

Deposition of cholesterol in the arterial wall. Followed by fibrosis and plaque formation. Thick intima layer..

Question 18

Explain intima thickening

Answer 18

(ox)LDL enter vessels depositing cholesterol (injury) –> eliciting immune response. monocytes become macrophages, eat cholesterol, release PDGF, encourage smooth muscle migration, laying of collagen network. + cytokines

Question 19

how to platelets complicate Atherosclerosis

Answer 19

They bind at site of injury recruiting other platelets causing clotting (pdgf)

Question 20

How does hypertension increase risk for atherosclerosis

Answer 20

Hypertension can cause endothelial injury. Injury increases lipoprotein entry.. you know where this is going..

Question 21

Name four drugs that lower cholesterol

Answer 21

Cholestryamine and colestipol - increases Liver LDL uptake
Ezetimibe dec. absorb
Fibrate - dec. absorb
Statins - inhibit synthesis