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CSON Module 5 Exam 4 > Cardiac Dysfunction > Flashcards

Cardiac Dysfunction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Atresia.

A

Congenital absence or pathological closure

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2
Q

Define stenosis.

A

anatomic narrowing

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3
Q

What are the four most important parts of the normal cardiac anatomy?

A
  • chambers
  • major vessels
  • valves
  • flow
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4
Q

Which direction do arteries pump the blood?

A

away from the heart

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5
Q

Which side of the heart is the high pressure side?

A

left

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6
Q

Which heart disease is present at birth?

A

congenital heart disease

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7
Q

Which heart disease occurs after birth?

A

acquired heart disease

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8
Q

What can heart diseases be a result of?

A
  • infection
  • autoimmune responses
  • environmental factors
  • familial tendencies
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9
Q

What can a cardiac cath be useful for?

A
  • diagnostic
  • interventional
  • electrophysiology
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10
Q

What is electrophysiology be useful for?

A

to identify, locate, and destroy electro dysrhythmias

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11
Q

What is the amount of blood being shunted dependent upon?

A

size of the defect

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12
Q

Describe a right to left shunt.

A

change in pressure so that the blood is shunted from the right side of the heart to the left

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13
Q

Describe a left to right shunt.

A

If there is a defect, such as a hole between the ventricles, then blood from the left would flow into the right because there is lower pressure on the right side of the heart

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14
Q

What are the four hemodynamic characteristics that affect the way blood flows within the heart?

A
  • increased pulmonary blood flow
  • decreased pulmonary blood flow
  • obstruction to blood flow out of the heart
  • mixed blood flow
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15
Q

What does increased pulmonary blood flow cause?

A
  • left to right shunting of blood
  • increased blood volume on the right side of the heart
  • increased pulmonary blood flow
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16
Q

What are the three common heart defects associated with INCREASED pulmonary blood flow?

A
  • atrial septal defect
  • ventricular septal defect
  • patent ductus arteriosus
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17
Q

What are two important cardiac things that a baby gets from mom?

A

oxygen and prostaglandin

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18
Q

What do high levels of prostaglandin cause?

A

The patent ductus arteriosus not to close

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19
Q

What medication can be prescribed to a newborn or a premie to help close a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Indomethacin (indocin)-prostaglandin inhibitor

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20
Q

What congenital heart defects are associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow?

A
  • tetralogy of fallot

- tricuspid atresia

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21
Q

What are hypercyanotic spells caused by?

A

Infundibular spasm

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22
Q

What do hypercyanotic spells cause an increased risk for?

A

Emboli, seizures, loss of consciousness, or sudden death

23
Q

What does the knee to chest position do?

A

Reduces systemic venous return which lowers pressure on the right side of the heart
Increases systemic vascular resistance which increases pressure to the lungs for oxygenation
(balancing act)

24
Q

What do obstructive defects cause?

A
  • Coartication of the aorta
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Pulmonic stenosis
25
Q

What is the hallmark sign of aortic stenosis?

A

Heart murmur

26
Q

What must be given to keep open the patent ductus arteriosus in HLHS?

A

Prostaglandin infusion

27
Q

What are the normal 02 ranges for a patient with HLHS?

A

75-85%

28
Q

What are two clinical consequences of congenital heart defects?

A

• Congestive heart failure
-heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s demand for energy
• Hypoxemia
-cyanosis

29
Q

What is a common issue in children with CHF?

A

Right and left sided heart failure

30
Q

When should you hold digoxin in an infant? An older child?

A

Infant-heart rate less than 90-110 bpm

Older child-heart rate less than 70

31
Q

What should you monitor when giving diuretics?

A
  • I&O
  • S/S of dehydration
  • Serum electrolytes
  • S/S of adverse reactions
  • Potassium losing?-encourage patient to eat foods high in potassium
32
Q

What should you monitor when your patient is on a fluid restriction?

A

Document fluid intake and output

33
Q

What should you monitor when your patient is on a sodium restriction?

A

Educate parents, check tray every meal

34
Q

What are two results of chronic hypoxemia?

A

Polycythemica and clubbing

35
Q

Who is at the highest risk for infective endocarditis?

A
  • Valvular abnormalities
  • Prosthetic valves
  • Conduits (shunts)
36
Q

What are a few major and minor manifestations of rheumatic fever?

A
  • Polyarthritis
  • Erythema marginatum
  • Chorea
  • Arthraligia
37
Q

What is the hallmark sign of Kawasaki disease?

A

Very irritable

38
Q

What type of blood flow are congential heart defects associated with?

A

decreased pulmonary blood flow

39
Q

How is decreased pulmonary blood flow manifested?

A

obstruction of pulmonary blood flow with ASD or VSD

40
Q

What are the two main clinical manifestations associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow?

A

hypoxemia and cyanosis

41
Q

What are the two main heart defects associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow?

A
  • tetralogy of fallot

- tricupsid atresia

42
Q

What four defects are in tetralogy of fallot?

A
  • VSD
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • overriding aorta
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
43
Q

What happens with obstructive heart defects?

A

blood exiting heart meets area of anatomic narrowing (stenosis) causing obstruction to blood flow

44
Q

What three defects are associated with obstructive defects?

A
  • coarctication of the aorta
  • aortic stenosis
  • pulmonic stenosis
45
Q

Define aortic stenosis.

A

narrowing of the aortic valve

46
Q

What four things does aortic stenosis cause?

A
  • left ventricular enlargement
  • decreased cardiac output
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • increased atrial pressure
47
Q

Define pulmonic stenosis

A

narrowing of pulmonary valve or artery

48
Q

What two things does pulmonic stenosis cause?

A
  • decreased pulmonary blood flow

- right ventricular hypertrophy

49
Q

What is characterized as complex cardiac anomalies in which survival in postnatal period depends on mixing of blood from pulmonary and systemic circulations within heart chambers?

A

Mixed defects

50
Q

Which heart defect is associated with mixed defects?

A

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

51
Q

Define hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

A

underdevelopment of the left side of the heart

52
Q

What is the oxygenation in HLHS depenant on?

A

ASD or patent foramen ovale

53
Q

What is systemic blood flow in HLHS dependent on?

A

patent ductus arteriosus

CSON Module 5 Exam 4 (5 decks)

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