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Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is the
leading cause of death
in the United States.

A

Heart disease

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2
Q

Chronic lower
respiratory disease is the
____ leading killer of
Americans.

A

third

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3
Q

Heart disease may be due to _______________________________,

A

Blockage of the coronary arteries

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4
Q

Heart disease can be caused by diseases of the ________________, or ________________
of the heart

A

Heart muscle or structural abnormalities

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5
Q
  • Types of heart disease
  • ________________and ________________________________
  • ________________________________
  • ________________ heart failure
A

Angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

Not controllable risk factors for heart disease

A

1) Age
2) Family history
3) Gender

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7
Q

Controllable risk factors for heart disease

A

4) Smoking
5) Hyperlipidemia
6) Hypertension
7) Sedentary lifestyle
8) Obesity
9) Diabetes
10) Stress
11) Alcohol

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8
Q

Primary intervention for heart disease

•

A

Health fairs and lecture

series

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9
Q

Inadequate blood supply to heart

muscle=________________ from coronary artery disease

A

Ischemia

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10
Q

Secondary intervention for heart disease

A

• Efforts to stop or slow
progression
• Improving individual’s
risk factor profile

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11
Q

Symptoms of angina pectoris?

How is it relieved?

A

Chest pain, discomfort, pressure
• Symptoms typically with increased activity
• Can also occur after heavy meal, while resting
• Relieved with rest, nitroglycerin (pills or spray)

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12
Q

Myocardial infarction is ___ of the heart muscle

A

Death

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13
Q

Symptoms of heart attack

A

Chest pain, pain in jaw, arm, or teeth, dizziness,

nausea. shortness of breath, sweating, fatigue

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14
Q

Echocardiogram (ECG) description

A

Creates picture of the heart and looks at the structure of the heart and blood vessels via ultrasound

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15
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG) description

A

Stickers with leads are placed on patient. Measures electrical activity and efficiency within the heart

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16
Q

P wave=

A

Atrial contraction (depolarization

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17
Q

QRS=

A

Ventricles depolarize then contract (Ventricular systole)

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18
Q

T=

A

Ventricles repolarize (relax,) heart is at rest.

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19
Q

ST segment elevation could indicate

A

Acute injury

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20
Q

T wave inversion could indicate

A

Ischemia

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21
Q

A non-STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a ____________________
artery but the artery is usually not completely blocked.

A

Severely narrowed

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22
Q

NSTEMI account for about ___ and STEMI about ___ of all heart attacks (myocardial infarction).

A

30%

70%

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23
Q

A STEMI or ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (heart

attack) is caused by a ________________ _______(100%) blockage of a coronary artery.

A

Sudden complete

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24
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a ___ condition caused by an _____

A

chronic

Ineffective pump

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25
Two implication of heart pump failure in CHF are
* Can’t fill due to hypertrophy of cardiac muscle | * Can’t eject oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
26
Symptoms of congestive heart failure
* Sudden weight gain * Inability to lie down * Persistent dry hacking cough * Shortness of breath with normal activity * Swelling in ankles or feet or legs * Fatigue with activity * Lack of appetite * Difficulty focusing one’s attention
27
Atrial septal defect is a ______ heart defect
congenital
28
Symptoms of atrial septal defect include?
``` SOB, fatigue, heart palpitations, decreased exercise capacity• Audible heart murmur • Excessive blood flow into right atrium, right ventricle, and lungs • Hypertrophy of right side • Increased pressure on pulmonary artery • Enlarged right atrium  arrhythmias • Lung vessels stiffen • More likely to develop CHF or stroke • Can be surgically closed ```
29
Angioplasty is a procedure to ________________________________ to reduce symptoms of ________________
Improve blood flow | Angina
30
Methods of performing an angioplasty include?
* Catheter with balloon is inflated to restore blood flow * Stent remains in place * Bare metal * Drug-eluting
31
An atherorectomy is a procedure to ______ | ___________________
Remove plaque
32
Methods of performing an atherorectomy include?
• Catheter with rotating blade • Followed by stent placement
33
Open heart surgery is procedure that involves ________________
Sternotomy
34
Types of open heart surgery
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | Valve replacement or repair
35
A coronary artery bypass graft includes
• Replacement of occluded arteries with artery/vein grafts • Grafts attached to aorta to allow oxygenated blood flow, reconnected below level of occlusion • Mammary, radial arteries or leg veins
36
Valve replacement or repair types
Prosthetic valve - blood thinners would be required | Tissue or biothesis valve (human/pig) - blood thinners would not be required.
37
Types of minimally invasive heart bypass
* MIDCAB=Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass | * OPCAB=Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass
38
MIDCAB=Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass is also called
Beating heart surgery
39
Exercise heart rate zone = 50% to ______
85%
40
Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion | • Subjective measure of __________________
Physical effort
41
Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion is scaled between __ and __
6 and 20
42
Borg says there is a high correlation between perceived exertion and ___
Heart rate
43
Met measurement for sitting quietly for adults
3.5 ml O2/kg body weight/min.
44
If a person is at a met level of 1-1.4 they can
They can move in bed, sit up for short periods, can only exercise lower extremities while sitting up, and all extremities while lying down.
45
If a person is at a met level of 1.4-2 they can
Sit up as tolerated. May exercise all extremities but no isometric or strengthening exercises are allowed.
46
If a person is at a met level of 3-3.5 they can
Unlimited walk on zero grade. Can walk on a treadmill at 1-1.5 mph at 12% grade.
47
If a person is at a met level of 3.5-4 they can
May walk on level surfaces up to 2.5 mph. Can use up to 10 lbs resistance.
48
Phase 1 of cardiac rehabilitation includes?
``` Phase I: Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation • Goals • Prevent muscle loss from bed rest. • Monitor and assess patient’s ability to function. • Instruct in appropriate home activities. • Instruct in application of sternal precautions to daily activities. • Educate about risk factors and methods to reduce them. ```
49
Intervention process during phase I: Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation
``` Evaluate, analyze, and modify patient’s activities of daily living. • During exercise, occupational therapist may monitor HR, BP, EKG, and symptoms. • Individual and group treatment • Calisthenics • Stair climbing Hall walking • Treadmill • Bicycle ergometer ```
50
Discharge planning • Occupational therapist does the following: • Provides information regarding level of __________________ that patient tolerates at discharge • Makes recommendations for further therapies • Provides input regarding possible need for ____________or extended care services
Physical function | Home health
51
Home health • Teach self-awareness of activities according to METs • Teach pacing and ______ simplification • Address issues relating to ____________ and sexuality • 1% of all heart attacks occur during sexual activity • 0.6%-1.7% risk of death during intercourse • Physical demands of intercourse = climbing 2 flights of stairs • Orgasm = increased HR and BP = 10-15 seconds
Work | Depression
52
Home program after angioplasty
* Teach risk factors and modifications * Incorporate moderate aerobic exercise into daily routines * Stress reduction techniques
53
Home program after myocardial infarction
* Healing of heart muscle 4-6 weeks * Evaluate activity expenditure, restrict to 2-4 MET range * Medication effects on mood and sexual desire
54
Home program for congesting heart failure
• Heavy emphasis on pacing and work simplification due to limited endurance • Educate on signs and symptoms of CHF, overexertion and risk of heart failure
55
Home program after open heart surgery
• Application of sternal precautions to ADL • Stretches and mild exercises • Sexual activity after 6-8 weeks while avoiding strain on sternum (side-lying, sitting)
56
Phase II of cardiac rehabilitation is?:
Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation
57
Goals of phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation are?
• Continue medical surveillance and assessment of an individual’s cardiovascular response to exercise. • Limit the physiological and psychological effects of heart disease. • Instruct on risk factors for heart disease and how to reduce their impact. • Maximize psychological and vocational status.• • Determine appropriate exercise intensity • Continuous vs. discontinuous exercise
58
It is preferable to develop exercise prescription based on results of?
stress test
59
Phase III of cardiac rehabilitation is?
Community-based rehabilitation
60
Community-based rehabilitation is generally not ____
Covered by insurance
61
Community based rehabilitation requires ___
Physician referral
62
A once per month ___ is part of the community based rehabilitation phase
EKG

Adult Perspectives (15 decks)

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