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Adult Perspectives > Cardiac Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is the
leading cause of death
in the United States.

A

Heart disease

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2
Q

Chronic lower
respiratory disease is the
____ leading killer of
Americans.

A

third

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3
Q

Heart disease may be due to _______________________________,

A

Blockage of the coronary arteries

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4
Q

Heart disease can be caused by diseases of the ________________, or ________________
of the heart

A

Heart muscle or structural abnormalities

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5
Q
  • Types of heart disease
  • ________________and ________________________________
  • ________________________________
  • ________________ heart failure
A

Angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

Not controllable risk factors for heart disease

A

1) Age
2) Family history
3) Gender

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7
Q

Controllable risk factors for heart disease

A

4) Smoking
5) Hyperlipidemia
6) Hypertension
7) Sedentary lifestyle
8) Obesity
9) Diabetes
10) Stress
11) Alcohol

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8
Q

Primary intervention for heart disease

•

A

Health fairs and lecture

series

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9
Q

Inadequate blood supply to heart

muscle=________________ from coronary artery disease

A

Ischemia

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10
Q

Secondary intervention for heart disease

A

• Efforts to stop or slow
progression
• Improving individual’s
risk factor profile

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11
Q

Symptoms of angina pectoris?

How is it relieved?

A

Chest pain, discomfort, pressure
• Symptoms typically with increased activity
• Can also occur after heavy meal, while resting
• Relieved with rest, nitroglycerin (pills or spray)

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12
Q

Myocardial infarction is ___ of the heart muscle

A

Death

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13
Q

Symptoms of heart attack

A

Chest pain, pain in jaw, arm, or teeth, dizziness,

nausea. shortness of breath, sweating, fatigue

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14
Q

Echocardiogram (ECG) description

A

Creates picture of the heart and looks at the structure of the heart and blood vessels via ultrasound

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15
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG) description

A

Stickers with leads are placed on patient. Measures electrical activity and efficiency within the heart

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16
Q

P wave=

A

Atrial contraction (depolarization

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17
Q

QRS=

A

Ventricles depolarize then contract (Ventricular systole)

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18
Q

T=

A

Ventricles repolarize (relax,) heart is at rest.

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19
Q

ST segment elevation could indicate

A

Acute injury

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20
Q

T wave inversion could indicate

A

Ischemia

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21
Q

A non-STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a ____________________
artery but the artery is usually not completely blocked.

A

Severely narrowed

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22
Q

NSTEMI account for about ___ and STEMI about ___ of all heart attacks (myocardial infarction).

A

30%

70%

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23
Q

A STEMI or ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (heart

attack) is caused by a ________________ _______(100%) blockage of a coronary artery.

A

Sudden complete

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24
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a ___ condition caused by an _____

A

chronic

Ineffective pump

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25
Q

Two implication of heart pump failure in CHF are

A
  • Can’t fill due to hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

* Can’t eject oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

26
Q

Symptoms of congestive heart failure

A
  • Sudden weight gain
  • Inability to lie down
  • Persistent dry hacking cough
  • Shortness of breath with normal activity
  • Swelling in ankles or feet or legs
  • Fatigue with activity
  • Lack of appetite
  • Difficulty focusing one’s attention
27
Q

Atrial septal defect is a ______ heart defect

A

congenital

28
Q

Symptoms of atrial septal defect include?

A 
SOB, fatigue, heart palpitations, decreased exercise
capacity• Audible heart murmur
• Excessive blood flow into right atrium, right ventricle,
and lungs
• Hypertrophy of right side
• Increased pressure on pulmonary artery
• Enlarged right atrium  arrhythmias
• Lung vessels stiffen
• More likely to develop CHF or stroke
• Can be surgically closed
29
Q

Angioplasty is a procedure to ________________________________ to
reduce symptoms of ________________

A

Improve blood flow

Angina

30
Q

Methods of performing an angioplasty include?

A
  • Catheter with balloon is inflated to restore blood flow
  • Stent remains in place
  • Bare metal
  • Drug-eluting
31
Q

An atherorectomy is a procedure to ______

___________________

A

Remove plaque

32
Q

Methods of performing an atherorectomy include?

A

• Catheter with
rotating blade
• Followed by stent
placement

33
Q

Open heart surgery is procedure that involves ________________

A

Sternotomy

34
Q

Types of open heart surgery

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Valve replacement or repair

35
Q

A coronary artery bypass graft includes

A

• Replacement of occluded arteries with artery/vein grafts
• Grafts attached to aorta to allow oxygenated blood flow,
reconnected below level of occlusion
• Mammary, radial arteries or leg veins

36
Q

Valve replacement or repair types

A

Prosthetic valve - blood thinners would be required

Tissue or biothesis valve (human/pig) - blood thinners would not be required.

37
Q

Types of minimally invasive heart bypass

A
  • MIDCAB=Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass

* OPCAB=Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass

38
Q

MIDCAB=Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass is also called

A

Beating heart surgery

39
Q

Exercise heart rate zone = 50% to ______

A

85%

40
Q

Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion

• Subjective measure of __________________

A

Physical effort

41
Q

Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion is scaled between __ and __

A

6 and 20

42
Q

Borg says there is a high correlation between perceived exertion and ___

A

Heart rate

43
Q

Met measurement for sitting quietly for adults

A

3.5 ml O2/kg body weight/min.

44
Q

If a person is at a met level of 1-1.4 they can

A

They can move in bed, sit up for short periods, can only exercise lower extremities while sitting up, and all extremities while lying down.

45
Q

If a person is at a met level of 1.4-2 they can

A

Sit up as tolerated. May exercise all extremities but no isometric or strengthening exercises are allowed.

46
Q

If a person is at a met level of 3-3.5 they can

A

Unlimited walk on zero grade. Can walk on a treadmill at 1-1.5 mph at 12% grade.

47
Q

If a person is at a met level of 3.5-4 they can

A

May walk on level surfaces up to 2.5 mph. Can use up to 10 lbs resistance.

48
Q

Phase 1 of cardiac rehabilitation includes?

A 
Phase I: Inpatient cardiac
rehabilitation
• Goals
• Prevent muscle loss from
bed rest.
• Monitor and assess
patient’s ability to
function.
• Instruct in appropriate
home activities.
• Instruct in application of
sternal precautions to daily
activities.
• Educate about risk factors
and methods to reduce
them.
49
Q

Intervention process during phase I: Inpatient cardiac rehabilitation

A 
Evaluate, analyze, and modify patient’s activities of daily
living.
• During exercise, occupational therapist may monitor HR,
BP, EKG, and symptoms.
• Individual and group treatment
• Calisthenics
• Stair climbing
Hall walking
• Treadmill
• Bicycle ergometer
50
Q

Discharge planning
• Occupational therapist does the following:
• Provides information regarding level of __________________
that patient tolerates at discharge
• Makes recommendations for further therapies
• Provides input regarding possible need for ____________or
extended care services

A

Physical function

Home health

51
Q

Home health
• Teach self-awareness of activities according to METs
• Teach pacing and ______ simplification
• Address issues relating to ____________ and sexuality
• 1% of all heart attacks occur during sexual activity
• 0.6%-1.7% risk of death during intercourse
• Physical demands of intercourse = climbing 2 flights of stairs
• Orgasm = increased HR and BP = 10-15 seconds

A

Work

Depression

52
Q

Home program after angioplasty

A
  • Teach risk factors and modifications
  • Incorporate moderate aerobic exercise into daily routines
  • Stress reduction techniques
53
Q

Home program after myocardial infarction

A
  • Healing of heart muscle 4-6 weeks
  • Evaluate activity expenditure, restrict to 2-4 MET range
  • Medication effects on mood and sexual desire
54
Q

Home program for congesting heart failure

A

• Heavy emphasis on pacing and work simplification due to
limited endurance
• Educate on signs and symptoms of CHF, overexertion and
risk of heart failure

55
Q

Home program after open heart surgery

A

• Application of sternal precautions to ADL
• Stretches and mild exercises
• Sexual activity after 6-8 weeks while avoiding strain on
sternum (side-lying, sitting)

56
Q

Phase II of cardiac rehabilitation is?:

A

Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation

57
Q

Goals of phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation are?

A

• Continue medical surveillance and assessment of an
individual’s cardiovascular response to exercise.
• Limit the physiological and psychological effects of heart
disease.
• Instruct on risk factors for heart disease and how to reduce
their impact.
• Maximize psychological and vocational status.•
• Determine appropriate exercise intensity
• Continuous vs. discontinuous exercise

58
Q

It is preferable to develop exercise prescription based on results of?

A

stress test

59
Q

Phase III of cardiac rehabilitation is?

A

Community-based rehabilitation

60
Q

Community-based rehabilitation is generally not ____

A

Covered by insurance

61
Q

Community based rehabilitation requires ___

A

Physician referral

62
Q

A once per month ___ is part of the community based rehabilitation phase

A

EKG

Adult Perspectives (15 decks)

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