Cardiac diseases Flashcards
Define Preload
Amount of blood entering the heart (should be equal to afterload in a normal healthy heart)
Define Afterload
The amount of blood exiting the heart (should be equal to preload in a normal healthy heart)
What are the three most common cardiac diseases in vet met? And which species do each effect the most?
1) Mitral valve insufficiency - dogs
2) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - cats
3) Endocartitis - cattle
What is the difference between Primary cardiac disease and Secondary cardiac disease?
Primary = something goes wrong with the heart itself
Secondary = something goes wrong somewhere else in the body and has created a cardiac issue
How do you grade a heart murmur?
Grade 1 = easy to miss
Grade 4 = as loud as the heart itself
Grade 6 = can feel
A murmer is described by 3 factors, what are those factors?
- How loud the murmur is
- Where over the chest is the loudest
- Associated with systole or diastole
True or False:
The prognosis is usually BETTER once clinical signs are present.
False - they get worse
What does DCM stand for?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
What is the pathology of DCM?
The hear becomes weak, and distended over time. The outline becomes larger and rounded. As the muscle contunies to stretch fibers may lose their ability to co-ordinate contractions and the pumps become less effective.
What are the clinica signs of DCM?
Weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, cough, syncope, and sudden collapse.
What are the tx goals of any cardiac disease?
Lower BP and HR, and increase the strength of the contractions of the heart.
What does HCM stand for?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
True or False:
HCM is a common secondary condition of other underlying cardiac disease which increase BP?
True
What is the pathology of HCM?
Muscle thickens inwards and the ventriclular space gets smaller
Where would blood back up if a patient has HCM?
Lungs
What are some clinical signs of HCM?
Murmur, arrythmia, dyspnea, crackles, open mouth breathing, cyanosis, swollen abdomen, and hind end weakness/paralysis.
In cats with HCM what is our main concern? What are we going to try to prevent?
Saddle thrombolus
What id the difference between Pulmonary edema and Pleural effusion?
Pul= fluid in lungs Ple= fluid in the pleural space around lungs
What is ascites?
Clear fluid in abdominal space, from the abdominal blood vessles
What is the difference between Endocardiosis and Endocarditis?
…diosis= Disease where the valves are thickened/distorted and no infection or inflammation is involved
…ditis= Inflammation of the endocardium
In which species is Mitral Valve Insufficiency most common?
Dogs and horses
What is mitral valve insufficiency?
Degenerative disease where the mitral valve thickens and stiffens to the point where it stops closing properly.
True or False:
Mitral Valve Insufficiency is almost never progressive.
False - it is ALWAYS progressive
Which dogs are most at risk of mitral valve insufficiency?
Older, male, small breed dogs
Name some clinical signs of mitral valve insufficiency
Begins with a slight heart murmur, leading to exercise intolerance, tachycardia, and wet coughing.
What is heart failure?
When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
How can we classify heart failure?
- Subclinical, Clinical, Congestive
- Left sided, Right sided
- Degree of clinical signs and functional impairment
a) Where does LEFT sided congestive heart failure back up into?
b) Where does RIGHT sided congestive heart failure back up into?
a) lungs
b) liver
