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Clin Med III > Cardiac Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Cardiac Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal level of hematocrit for females and males?

A
  • females: 37-47%
  • males: 40-54%
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2
Q

what is the normal level of hemoglobin for males and females?

A
  • females: 12-16 g/dL
  • males: 13-18 g/dL
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3
Q

what is the normal white blood cell count?

A

4,500 - 11,000 micro liters

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4
Q

at what value is a patient considered hyperkalemic?

A

K+ > 5.0 mmol/L

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5
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

decreased ability for myocardial contractibility which caused bradycardia issues (low HR)

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6
Q

at what value is a patient considered hypokalemic?

A

K+ <3.5 mmol/L

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7
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

life threatening arrhythmia with tachycardia issues (high HR)

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8
Q

what is the normal values for Na++?

A

136-143 mmol/L

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9
Q

what is the normal values for Ca+?

A

4.5-5.3 gm/dL

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10
Q

what level is considered high CO2? what can this result in?

A
  • High CO2 (>30 mmHg)
  • result in alkalytic state of muscle weakness
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11
Q

an EKG may be used as a diagnostic tool for what?

A
  • specific arrhythmia that could cause symptoms
  • measure disease progression
  • measure medication effectiveness
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12
Q

what is a clinical EKG used for?

A

monitoring and modifying treatment as needed

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13
Q

how many leads are used in cardiac clinic or MD’s office? how many is the hospital, cardiac rehab, etc?

A
  • 12 lead
  • 2-3 lead
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14
Q

how is a Holter Monitor used?

A
  • used 24 hrs or up to 2 wks of EKG
  • a journal is used to report activity and signs & symptoms
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15
Q

a Holter Monitor is used after what?

A
  • syncope
  • repeated arrhythmias
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16
Q

how is a Graded Exercise Stress Test performed?

A
  • testing usually with either a treadmill or a bike to assess patient’s exercise tolerance & ischemia
  • patient is attached to telemetry & exercises at various intensities
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17
Q

what is the most common Graded Exercise Stress Test protocol?

A

Bruce protocol

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18
Q

what is the difference between the Bruce protocol and the Naughton-Balke?

A

Naughton- Balke is more gradual

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19
Q

when is a stress test used?

A
  • chest pain on exertion
  • severe dyspnea
  • suspicion of CAD or ischemia
  • Risk stratification
20
Q

what can results of the stress test be used to determine?

A

need for further testing of location of ischemia or for exercise prescription

21
Q

what are the reasons that a stress test may be stopped?

A
  • EKG changes ( > 2mm ST segment depression, inverted T wave, significant Q wave)
  • Anginal symptoms
  • Extreme dyspnea (3-4 on dyspnea scale) LE fatigue
22
Q

what is an echocardiography?

A
  • ultrasound of the heart
  • noninvasive measure of wall motion
23
Q

what does an echocardiography provide information regarding?

A
  • valve function, size of ventricle, thickness & integrity of interatrial and inter ventricular septum
  • shows wall hypertrophy
  • gives value of EF
24
Q

what is the limitations of an echo?

A

can not see posterior wall structure and motion due to interference from spinal bone

25
Q

an echo is used after what?

A
  • MI
  • CHF
  • Unstable angina
  • Syncope episode
  • cardiomyopathy
26
Q

what is a Thallium Stress Test?

A

type of exercise stress test, which uses a radioactive nuclear marker for detection of myocardial perfusion

27
Q

what does a Thallium Stress Test look at?

A

ischemia by assessing Thallium in blood flow through the myocardial tissue

28
Q

what is a Coronary Angiography also called?

A
  • cardiac catheterization
  • angiogram
29
Q

what is a Coronary Angiography? what is it a definite diagnosis for?

A
  • invasive procedure with a 2% risk of stroke
  • Definitive diagnosis for CAD, valvular dysfunction & many congenital diseases
30
Q

how is a cardiac catheterization performed?

A
  • catheter is threaded up the artery (usually radial but can be femoral)
  • catheter extends to coronary arteries and injects dye into arteries
  • scan then taken to show flow through the coronary arteries
31
Q

a cardiac catheterization is used after what?

A
  • unstable angina (USA)
  • acute MI
  • (+) stress test
  • (+) echo
32
Q

CAD blockages up to what percent is considered mild & may be asymptomatic?

A

CAD blockages of up to 70%

33
Q

how will CAD blockages greater than 90% be treated?

A

conservative management tried unless risk of MI is imminent, then surgical intervention

34
Q

what are the precautions following a cardiac catheterization when using femoral artery entry?

A
  • Bedrest: 6-12 hours with a sandbag or clamp in place to prevent bleeding
  • As you initiate OOB: watch for signs of hematoma (bleeding at the site, drop in BP, dizziness, weakness, etc)
35
Q

what are the precautions following a cardiac catheterization when using a radial artery entry?

A

if patient uses walker or crutches ask the doctor if any restrictions

36
Q

How is a Trans Esophageal Echocardiogram (TEE) performed? what does this test give a view of?

A
  • Ultrasound head is fiber optic and is threaded down the patient’s esophagus
  • Gives an improved visualization of heart structures & function
37
Q

when is a TEE used?

A

patient is obese or they wanna see the posterior view of the heart

38
Q

what is Position Emission Tomography (PET)?

A
  • nuclear technique; provides visualization
  • measure dynamic functioning of myocardium without inducing exercise state
  • gives 3-D view of blood flow
39
Q

what is a PET scan the direct measurement of?

A
  • metabolic functions including glucose metabolism
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • blood flow to the heart
40
Q

what are the draw backs of a PET scan?

A
  • very expensive
  • not always available
41
Q

what is Multigated Acquisition Imaging or Gated Pool Imaging (MUGA)?

A
  • noninvasive technique to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction
  • used multiple EKG views to look at EF
42
Q

what is the advantage of MUGA?

A

less expensive than PET scan

43
Q

a CT scan is used most for what type of patients?

A

patients with probable coronary stenosis

44
Q

what information can a CT scan give you?

A

cardiac structures and ventricular function

45
Q

why is a CT scan not used as much?

A

its more expensive

Clin Med III (5 decks)

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