Cardiac Anatomy & Function Flashcards
what is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
- Transport (bring good stuff in & remove bad stuff)
- maintain acids/ base balance
what is the force of contraction assisted by?
- arterial recoil during diastole (heart at rest)
- skeletal compression of veins during inspiration
- negative thoracic pressure during inspiration
which layer of cardiac tissue is the endocardium and what is it made of?
- inner most
- made of endothelial tissue
which layer of cardiac tissue is the myocardium and what is it made of?
- middle layer
- made of striated muscle fibers
which layer of cardiac tissue is the epicardium and what is it made of?
- inner layer of pericardium
- made of connective tissue
which layer of cardiac tissue is the pericardium and what is it made of?
- outer layer
- made of fibrous sac
when does the foramen ovale normally close? what does it become?
- closes in neonatal period
- become a sulcus in the interseptal wall
what is valvular stenosis?
value is narrowed, stiff, or rigid thus difficult to open
what does valvular stenosis result in?
hypertrophy of the muscles of the chamber that is trying to empty
what is valvular insufficiency?
loss of patency; meaning the valve doesn’t fully close
what does valvular insufficiency result in?
dilation of chamber trying to empty
where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?
- right atrium & ventricle
- SA node
- AV node & Bundle of His
what does the left coronary artery branch into?
- left anterior descending
- left circumflex
where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to?
- left & part of the right ventricle
- interventricular septum
- in most people, apex of both ventricles
where does the left circumflex artery supply blood to?
- left ventricle
- left atrium
- SA node
at what point during fetal pulmonary development is the terminal sac period?
- 26 wks to birth
what structures are developed during the terminal sac period?
- pulmonary alveoli
- type II alveolar cells to produce surfactant
how can exercise improve the cardiovascular system?
- peripheral vascular efficiency
- DM control
- increase HDLs
what BMI indicates:
- normal
- overweight
- obesity
- normal: <25
- overweight: 25-29.9
- obesity: >30
what is the formula for BMI?
(wt in lbs/ height in inches * height in inches) * 703
what waist size with BMI of obesity are good indicators of risk for CAD? in men & women?
- Men: >40 inches
- women: > 35 inches
what are some other ways to indicate obesity besides BMI?
- waist: hip ratio
- waist: height ratio
- hydrostatic measurement or skin fold measurements
in regards to diet control what should a patient limit the intake of?
- sugar
- salt
- fats
- cholesterol
in regards to diet control what should a patient increase the intake of?
- good fats from fish & legumes
- high soluble fiber from stingy fruits & veggies (pulls LDL through the GI system before it is absorbed)
which types of carbs are good for the heart and which are adding to plaque formation?
- complex carbs are good for the heart (whole wheat & grains)
- processed carbs are the ones adding plaque formation (white flour)
what types of foods does natural sugars come from?
- fruits
- veggies
what is the fat spectrum?
mono & poly > saturated > trans fats
what is cholesterol essential for?
lipoprotein needed for cell wall generation
which type of cholesterol is good & which is bad?
- HDL (good) & want it higher
- LDL (bad) & want it lower
how much can cholesterol levels be reduced by reducing fats in the diet?
10-15 mg
t/f: amount of saturated fats taken in causes an increase in cholesterol build up
true
what are the ideal levels for:
- total cholesterol
- HDL
- LDL
- triglycerides
- total cholesterol/ HDL ratio
- total cholesterol: < 200 mg/dl
- HDL: > 50-60 mg/dL
- LDL: <100 mg/dL
- triglycerides: < 150 mg/dL
- total cholesterol/ HDL ratio: < 3.5:1
what are triglycerides?
lipoproteins manufactured from sugars & carbs
hyperlipidemia is clinically diagnosed as?
- triglycerides > 185 mg/dL
- cholesterol: > 240 mg/dL
- HDL’s: < 35 mg/dL
- ratio: >4.5
do men or women have “silent” or undiagnosed episodes?
women
t/f: Race is a true predictor of cardiovascular risk
false- more related to culture
what is pericardial effusion?
- fluid fills the pericardial sac
- keeps the heart from being able to distend as more fluid fills the pericardial sac
what can excessive pericardial effusion lead to?
cardiac tamponade
what is cardiac tamponade characterized by?
- elevated intracardiac pressures
- progressively limited ventricular diastolic filling
- reduced SV
is cardiac tamponade more of a concern following a trauma related event or an inflammatory response?
trauma
what are congenital heart problems generally related to?
- malformation of fetal heart
- failure of fetal circulation communication to close
what is the difference between cyanotic or acyanotic disorders?
- cyanotic: cause problems with oxygenation
- acynanotic: won’t affect oxygenation as much
most cardiac problems in the elderly relate to what?
- specific acquired disease pathology rather than as the primary etiology
- all people have some inherent loss of ejection fraction
what is the definition of CAD and what is the most common etiology?
- CAD definition: clinical signs & symptoms of myocardial ischemia
- Most common etiology is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
what are CAD risk factors?
- age *
- gender *
- heredity *
- smoking
- HTN
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- hypercholesterolemia
- hyperlipidemia
- DM
- diet
- stress/anxiety
what is the most prevalent disease in the US?
CAD
what is the progression of atherosclerosis?
- initial damage occurs (endothelial cells get stripped away)
- platelets & fibrin begin to clot
- clot continues to grow
- mature plaque forms
what percentage of individual with CAD die within one hour of acute onset MI?
20-25 %
what can acute ischemia lead to?
vent fibrillation & eventually cardiac death
what has improved outcomes of patients diagnosed with CAD?
- immediate CPR & ER intervention with anti-coagulation (streptokinase or similar drug agent)
- early diagnosis & prevention through lifestyle & risk factor interventions
what are the major symptoms of angina?
- fatigue
- chest pain or pressure
- SOB
- radiating pain
- jaw pain
- indigestion
what is chronic stable angina?
- symptoms come with activity & go away with rest
- HR reaches threshold where it can no longer meet the O2 demands of the myocardium
what medication can be used to manage stable angina? what is the action?
- nitroglycerin
- major action of nitro is arterial vasodilation
what is unstable angina?
- symptoms come at various points even at rest
- it’s unpredictable & more difficult to manage
what are some factors the contribute to unstable angina?
- vasoconstriction
- plaque progression
- irregularities
