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Clin Med III > Cardiac Anatomy & Function > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy & Function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transport (bring good stuff in & remove bad stuff)
  • maintain acids/ base balance
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2
Q

what is the force of contraction assisted by?

A
  • arterial recoil during diastole (heart at rest)
  • skeletal compression of veins during inspiration
  • negative thoracic pressure during inspiration
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3
Q

which layer of cardiac tissue is the endocardium and what is it made of?

A
  • inner most
  • made of endothelial tissue
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4
Q

which layer of cardiac tissue is the myocardium and what is it made of?

A
  • middle layer
  • made of striated muscle fibers
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5
Q

which layer of cardiac tissue is the epicardium and what is it made of?

A
  • inner layer of pericardium
  • made of connective tissue
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6
Q

which layer of cardiac tissue is the pericardium and what is it made of?

A
  • outer layer
  • made of fibrous sac
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7
Q

when does the foramen ovale normally close? what does it become?

A
  • closes in neonatal period
  • become a sulcus in the interseptal wall
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8
Q

what is valvular stenosis?

A

value is narrowed, stiff, or rigid thus difficult to open

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9
Q

what does valvular stenosis result in?

A

hypertrophy of the muscles of the chamber that is trying to empty

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10
Q

what is valvular insufficiency?

A

loss of patency; meaning the valve doesn’t fully close

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11
Q

what does valvular insufficiency result in?

A

dilation of chamber trying to empty

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12
Q

where does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A
  • right atrium & ventricle
  • SA node
  • AV node & Bundle of His
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13
Q

what does the left coronary artery branch into?

A
  • left anterior descending
  • left circumflex
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14
Q

where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to?

A
  • left & part of the right ventricle
  • interventricular septum
  • in most people, apex of both ventricles
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15
Q

where does the left circumflex artery supply blood to?

A
  • left ventricle
  • left atrium
  • SA node
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16
Q

at what point during fetal pulmonary development is the terminal sac period?

A
  • 26 wks to birth
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17
Q

what structures are developed during the terminal sac period?

A
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • type II alveolar cells to produce surfactant
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18
Q

how can exercise improve the cardiovascular system?

A
  • peripheral vascular efficiency
  • DM control
  • increase HDLs
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19
Q

what BMI indicates:
- normal
- overweight
- obesity

A
  • normal: <25
  • overweight: 25-29.9
  • obesity: >30
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20
Q

what is the formula for BMI?

A

(wt in lbs/ height in inches * height in inches) * 703

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21
Q

what waist size with BMI of obesity are good indicators of risk for CAD? in men & women?

A
  • Men: >40 inches
  • women: > 35 inches
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22
Q

what are some other ways to indicate obesity besides BMI?

A
  • waist: hip ratio
  • waist: height ratio
  • hydrostatic measurement or skin fold measurements
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23
Q

in regards to diet control what should a patient limit the intake of?

A
  • sugar
  • salt
  • fats
  • cholesterol
24
Q

in regards to diet control what should a patient increase the intake of?

A
  • good fats from fish & legumes
  • high soluble fiber from stingy fruits & veggies (pulls LDL through the GI system before it is absorbed)
25
Q

which types of carbs are good for the heart and which are adding to plaque formation?

A
  • complex carbs are good for the heart (whole wheat & grains)
  • processed carbs are the ones adding plaque formation (white flour)
26
Q

what types of foods does natural sugars come from?

A
  • fruits
  • veggies
27
Q

what is the fat spectrum?

A

mono & poly > saturated > trans fats

28
Q

what is cholesterol essential for?

A

lipoprotein needed for cell wall generation

29
Q

which type of cholesterol is good & which is bad?

A
  • HDL (good) & want it higher
  • LDL (bad) & want it lower
30
Q

how much can cholesterol levels be reduced by reducing fats in the diet?

A

10-15 mg

31
Q

t/f: amount of saturated fats taken in causes an increase in cholesterol build up

A

true

32
Q

what are the ideal levels for:
- total cholesterol
- HDL
- LDL
- triglycerides
- total cholesterol/ HDL ratio

A
  • total cholesterol: < 200 mg/dl
  • HDL: > 50-60 mg/dL
  • LDL: <100 mg/dL
  • triglycerides: < 150 mg/dL
  • total cholesterol/ HDL ratio: < 3.5:1
33
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

lipoproteins manufactured from sugars & carbs

34
Q

hyperlipidemia is clinically diagnosed as?

A
  • triglycerides > 185 mg/dL
  • cholesterol: > 240 mg/dL
  • HDL’s: < 35 mg/dL
  • ratio: >4.5
35
Q

do men or women have “silent” or undiagnosed episodes?

A

women

36
Q

t/f: Race is a true predictor of cardiovascular risk

A

false- more related to culture

37
Q

what is pericardial effusion?

A
  • fluid fills the pericardial sac
  • keeps the heart from being able to distend as more fluid fills the pericardial sac
38
Q

what can excessive pericardial effusion lead to?

A

cardiac tamponade

39
Q

what is cardiac tamponade characterized by?

A
  • elevated intracardiac pressures
  • progressively limited ventricular diastolic filling
  • reduced SV
40
Q

is cardiac tamponade more of a concern following a trauma related event or an inflammatory response?

A

trauma

41
Q

what are congenital heart problems generally related to?

A
  • malformation of fetal heart
  • failure of fetal circulation communication to close
42
Q

what is the difference between cyanotic or acyanotic disorders?

A
  • cyanotic: cause problems with oxygenation
  • acynanotic: won’t affect oxygenation as much
43
Q

most cardiac problems in the elderly relate to what?

A
  • specific acquired disease pathology rather than as the primary etiology
  • all people have some inherent loss of ejection fraction
44
Q

what is the definition of CAD and what is the most common etiology?

A
  • CAD definition: clinical signs & symptoms of myocardial ischemia
  • Most common etiology is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
45
Q

what are CAD risk factors?

A
  • age *
  • gender *
  • heredity *
  • smoking
  • HTN
  • obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • hyperlipidemia
  • DM
  • diet
  • stress/anxiety
46
Q

what is the most prevalent disease in the US?

A

CAD

47
Q

what is the progression of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. initial damage occurs (endothelial cells get stripped away)
  2. platelets & fibrin begin to clot
  3. clot continues to grow
  4. mature plaque forms
48
Q

what percentage of individual with CAD die within one hour of acute onset MI?

A

20-25 %

49
Q

what can acute ischemia lead to?

A

vent fibrillation & eventually cardiac death

50
Q

what has improved outcomes of patients diagnosed with CAD?

A
  • immediate CPR & ER intervention with anti-coagulation (streptokinase or similar drug agent)
  • early diagnosis & prevention through lifestyle & risk factor interventions
51
Q

what are the major symptoms of angina?

A
  • fatigue
  • chest pain or pressure
  • SOB
  • radiating pain
  • jaw pain
  • indigestion
52
Q

what is chronic stable angina?

A
  • symptoms come with activity & go away with rest
  • HR reaches threshold where it can no longer meet the O2 demands of the myocardium
53
Q

what medication can be used to manage stable angina? what is the action?

A
  • nitroglycerin
  • major action of nitro is arterial vasodilation
54
Q

what is unstable angina?

A
  • symptoms come at various points even at rest
  • it’s unpredictable & more difficult to manage
55
Q

what are some factors the contribute to unstable angina?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • plaque progression
  • irregularities

Clin Med III (5 decks)

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