Cardiac Clinical Medicine Part 6: Pediatrics Flashcards
(37 cards)
When a baby takes their first breath what embryological structures close?
1) Foramen ovale
2) Ductus arteriosus
3) Ductus venosus
What chromosomal abnormalities can cause structural defects?
1) Trisomy 21
2) Trisomy 18
3) DiGeorge syndrome
4) Turner syndrome
What structural defects are common with Down syndrome?
VSD, ASD, AVSD, PDA
What do L to R shunts result in?
What are examples?
1) Congestive HF
2) ASD, VSD, PDA
What do R to L shunts result in?
What are examples?
1) Cyanosis
2) Pulmonary atresia and tricuspid atresia
What is enlarged due to overfilling in atrial septal defect?
Due to over-circulation, what can result?
In what pediatric population do we want to watch for it?
What type of shunt does it cause?
What heart sound is notable of ASD?
1) RA and RV
2) Pulmonary HTN
3) Trisomy 21
4) L to R
5) Wide fixed split S2
What is the most common of all cases of isolated CHD?
VSD
What type of shunt is ventricular septal defect?
How are they characterized if they are smaller?
What can they cause if they are large?
Where is the holosystolic murmur heard?
1) L to R
2) Loud and harsh
3) CHF
4) LLSB
Patent ductus arteriosus is problematic if it stays open in premature infants because?
What is used to treat PDA in premature infants?
What is used to treat in term babies?
If the baby is symptomatic then what treatment is preferred?
What type of shunt is it?
Where is the murmur heard?
How is the murmur described in systole and diastole?
1) Floods lungs leading to CHF
2) Indomethacin
3) Coil embolization
4) Surgical ligation
5) L to R
6) LUSB
7) Crescendo in systole and decrescendo into diastole
What does tricuspid atresia results in structurally?
What blood flow is restricted?
What type of shunt is it?
It results in early onset?
1) Only a single useful ventricle (LV)
2) Pulmonary blood flow
3) R to L
4) Cyanosis or CHF
What type of shunt is pulmonary atresia?
It is ductal dependent until flow can be established through?
1) R to L at ASD
2) Pulmonary valve
A patient presents with feeling faint with exertion, SOB with exertion, and fatigue with activity. Which stenosis is most likely?
Aortic stenosis
What is done for treatment/management of aortic stenosis when they are old enough?
Where is the systolic ejection murmur heard?
1) Prosthetic valve
2) RUSB and radiates to carotids
What is the current standard of care for pulmonary stenosis?
While is it usually asymptomatic, it may have sx of?
Where is it best heard at?
1) Balloon valvuloplasty
2) Pulmonary congestion
3) LUSB and radiates to axilla
What is defective in Ebstein’s anomaly?
Where can a systolic thrill be heard with tetralogy of Fallot?
1) Tricuspid valve
2) LUSB
What are the 4 types of innocent murmurs?
1) Stills
2) Venous hum
3) Pulmonary flow
4) Carotid bruit
Which innocent murmur has a mid-frequency sound and is heard along the LUSB?
Pulmonic flow murmur
Which innocent murmur has a low pitched, “musical” sound and is heard along LSB or between apex and LLSB?
Still’s murmur
Which innocent murmur has a high frequency, is loudest when sitting/standing (goes away when supine), and is heard around clavicle?
Venous hum
Which innocent murmur is heard in older children and has decreased intensity with hyperextension of the shoulders?
Carotid bruit
What atrial arrhythmias occur in newborns?
1) AV reentrant tachycardia
2) Atrial flutter
3) Premature Atrial Contractions
Which atrial arrhythmia is associated with cocaine abuse in moms?
Atrial flutter
What causes increased precordial activity?
Increased RV or LV stroke volume
What is a thrill caused by?
In what murmur grades is it seen?
1) Blood flowing from high pressure to lower pressure
2) Grade IV and above
