Cardiac Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Ischaemic Heart Disease Flashcards
What are the most important cardiac markers
Troponin and BNP
What is troponin
It is uniquely expressed by the heart. It is involved in muscle contraction as it is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies in actin filaments. Troponin is where the binding site for myosin on actin is.
What are the three types of troponin
I, C and T
What are the indications of increased levels of troponin
Increased risk of future cardiac events occurring.
What are the indications if you have both decreased cholesterol and troponin levels
Reduced risk of future cardiac events.
What are the indications if you have reduced cholesterol but troponin levels are the same
There is no change in the risk of future cardiac events.
What are the main drugs used in the treatment of heart disease
Statins
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- age
- gender
- smoking status
- high systolic blood pressure
- high total cholesterol
- low HDL cholesterol
- diabetes
What is high sensitivity C-reactive protein a biomarker for
Oxidative stress and inflammation
At what level does C-reactive protein indicate a high risk of CVD
More than 3mg/L.
What is C-reactive protein
An acute phase protein produced by the liver and adipose tissue.
What is the role of C-reactive protein
It assists in complement binding in the immune response and phagocytosis of damaged cells.
What is the role of C-reactive protein in atheroma formation
It is present in atherosclerotic lesions. it binds to LDL and assists macrophage uptake as well as enhancing local inflammation.
What are the possible causes of chest pain
MI, angina, pericarditis, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, gastric reflux, peptic ulcer disease, muscular or skeletal pain.
What type of cell is troponin released from
Cardiac troponins are released into the bloodstream from ischaemic cardiomyocytes.