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The Cardiovascular System > Arteries and Veins > Flashcards

Arteries and Veins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of arteries

A
  • providing oxygen and nutrients to organs
  • correct speed of flow (autoregulation)
  • correct pressure (vital for perfusion)
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2
Q

How do arteries regulate blood pressure

A

Arteries can change calibre resulting in adequate pressure.

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3
Q

What does blood pressure depend on

A

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

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4
Q

What happens to surrounding tissues when blood pressure increases

A

Fluid leaks out into the surrounding tissues.

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5
Q

What happens to the blood when the fluid leaks out into the tissues due to high pressure

A

There will be an increase protein content in the blood when it reaches the venous system.

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6
Q

How does the hydrostatic and osmotic pressure system work across capillaries

A

Hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to leak out of capillaries. This pressure is greatest at the arterial end and lowest at the venule end. Osmotic pressure counterbalances this and holds blood in the blood vessel.

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7
Q

What happens in primary lymphedema

A

The person is born with fewer lymphatic vessels so is less able to return fluid back to the blood.

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8
Q

What happens in secondary lymphedema

A

The inability to return fluid back to the blood is due to an another factor.

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9
Q

What are three indirect methods of measuring arterial function

A

Organ function, oximetry, TcPO2 (transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen)

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10
Q

What are three direct methods of measuring arterial function

A

Shygmomanometer, direct puncture and imaging.

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11
Q

How do you measure kidney function

A

Testing the urine.

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12
Q

What are some lifestyle factors which cause degeneration of arteries

A
  • smoking
  • age
  • diabetes
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13
Q

What could be a consequence of the degeneration of arteries

A

They can dilate and become aneurysmic. The aneurysm could then rupture.

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14
Q

In what circumstances can blood vessels become damaged

A

Degenerative disease, occlusive disease, inflammatory disease, iatrogenic injury, trauma

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15
Q

What are examples of degenerative diseases that can damage arteries

A

Arterial aneurysms, traumatic aneurysms, false aneurysms, mycotic aneurysms, ehlers-danlos syndrome, marfans syndrome.

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16
Q

How may a traumatic aneurysm occur

A

A seatbelt may crush the aorta in a car crash and cause a traumatic aneurysm.

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17
Q

What is a false aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm)

A

This does not involve the artery itself. If the artery has a small hole, blood can leak out and create a cavity. The cavity pulsates and gives the impression of being aneurysmic.

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18
Q

At what diameter does the risk of rupture of an aneurysm become high

A

Between 5 and 6 cm.

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19
Q

How do you repair an aortic aneurysm

A

Using an aortic graft which is inserted using open surgery. This does not degenerate unless it becomes infected.

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20
Q

In which gender are aortic aneurysms more common

A

Male

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21
Q

What is claudication

A

Claudication can result from peripheral vascular disease. This is where there is not enough blood supply to the legs and the person cannot walk properly. Often people need to stop to allow blood flow to the legs.

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22
Q

How can claudication be compensated for

A

Collateral circulation

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23
Q

What is used to treat peripheral vascular disease

A

Antiplatelets, lipid lowering drugs, control of blood pressure and smoking cessation.

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24
Q

What is vasculitis

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels

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25
Q

What is the most common form of vasculitis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis.

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26
Q

What is used to treat vasculitis

A

Steroids

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27
Q

Other than vasculitis, what are two other examplesinflammatory disease affecting the blood vessels

A

Takayasus and diabetes,

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28
Q

What type of drug use can result in blood vessel damage

A

Intra-arterial drug use.

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29
Q

What are the functions of veins

A

They return oxygen and nutrient depleted blood back to the heart. They also act as a reservior.

30
Q

What fraction of blood volume is in the venous system

A

2/3 blood volume

31
Q

What type of flow occurs in veins - active or passive

A

Passive

32
Q

What are venae comitantes

A

Veins which are wrapped around arteries.

33
Q

What is an example of an artery which has lots of venae comitantes

A

The popliteal artery in the leg.

34
Q

What is the function of venae comitantes

A

To warm up the blood as it returns to the heart.

35
Q

What are three important features of the structure of veins

A
  • thin wall
  • they distend
  • they have valves
36
Q

What is the significance of the fact that veins distend

A

It means they can be used in bypass surgery as they are able to cope with arterial pressure.

37
Q

What is the function of valves in veins

A

To spread the pressure in the vein so that the venous column is divided into shorter segments and the pressure does not all collect at the bottom.

38
Q

What is the purpose of Doppler imaging for taking venous measurements

A

It allows the direction of blood flow to be visualised so that reflux in the valves can be detected.

39
Q

What is plethysmography

A

A method of venous measurement which allows assessment of change in volume.

40
Q

How does ultrasound mapping work in venous assessment

A

Veins should compress easily on ultrasound. if they do not, this means there may be a clot present in the vein.

41
Q

What is venography

A

It is a method where dye is injected into the veins and allows the blood flow through the veins to be visualised. it is similar to angiography.

42
Q

What can go wrong in the veins

A

Venous hypertension or venous obstruction

43
Q

What are the causes of venous hypertension

A
  • right heart failure
  • deep vein incompetence
  • superficial vein incompetence
44
Q

What is deep vein incompetence

A

it is where a thrombus which had formed in the deep veins dissolves and damages the valves.

45
Q

What are the causes of venous obstruction

A

Deep venous thrombosis and mechanical obstruction

46
Q

What causes deep vein thrombosis

A

Any one of Virchow’s triad (stasis, hypercoagulability and endothelial damage)

47
Q

What is an example of a cause of mechanical venous obstruction

A

A cancerous tumour causing pressure on the vein and subsequent obstruction.

48
Q

What occurs to the jugular vein in right heart failure

A

It distends.

49
Q

What condition can superficial venous incompetence lead to

A

Varicose veins

50
Q

What is a tell-tale sign of varicose veins

A

Discolouration of the ankles.

51
Q

What happens to cause varicose veins

A

There is increased pressure of blood at the ankles due to the lack of competence of the venous valves. There is leakage of fluid from he blood and the pressure increases further. Blood can also leak out and collect at the ankles leading to discolouration.

52
Q

In what circumstances does ulceration occur

A

When the area is so nutritionally deplete that healing cannot occur.

53
Q

What is used to treat varicose veins

A

Surgical procedures.

54
Q

How is open surgery to treat varicose veins performed

A

A cut is made in the groin and the saphenous vein is disconnected. The varicose vein is then pulled out.

55
Q

What is the name of the surgical procedure to remove a vein

A

Phlebectomy

56
Q

How does foam sclerotherapy work as a treatment for varicose veins

A

Foam is created and injected into the vein to irritate it and cause it to close up.

57
Q

What is the disadvantage of foam sclerotherapy

A

Discolouration

58
Q

What is the current most commonly used procedure for treatment of varicose veins

A

Radiofrequency ablation

59
Q

How does radiofrequency ablation for treatment of varicose veins work

A

A catheter is inserted into the vein and the vein is treated with heat until it closes off. The vein hardens.

60
Q

How does endovenous laser treatment for varicose veins work

A

A fibre-optic laser is inserted into the diseased vein. Laser energy causes the vein to collapse so it becomes harmless fibrous tissue.

61
Q

How does vein glue work in the treatment of varicose veins

A

Glue is injected into the vein through a catheter. The catheter is withdrawn and the glue hardens. The vein is sealed.

62
Q

Which is more of a problem to deal with - arterial bleeding or venous bleeding

A

Venous bleeding

63
Q

What are the most common causes of venous bleeding

A

Trauma and iatrogenic

64
Q

In which veins does the worst bleeding occur

A

The vena cava and pelvic veins

65
Q

What happens in phlegmasia

A

In this condition, blood van enter the leg through the arterial system but cannot get out again

66
Q

How is phlegmasia treated

A

Blood needs to be compressed out of the leg so the leg needs to be elevated

67
Q

What is the end result of phlegmasia if left untreated

A

Venous gangrene.

68
Q

What happens if there is a blockage in the superior vena cava

A

Large venous collaterals form in compensation to try and get blood back to the heart. This causes very high pressure in the veins.

69
Q

What diseases of the veins can occur

A
  • varicose veins
  • blocked iliac vein leading to phlegmasia and gangrene
  • blocked superior vena cava
  • neck engorgement
  • haemorrhoids
  • caput medusa
70
Q

What lifestyle factor can cause venous disease

A

Intravenous drug use

71
Q

What factors can cause venous disease

A
  • intravenous drug use
  • trauma
  • iatrogenic injury

The Cardiovascular System (15 decks)

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