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Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of yellow epicardial fat?

A

protection

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2
Q

Where is your heart located?

A

inside the medium steinum, sits on the diaphragm
2/3 left and 1/3 right

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3
Q

what is the function of the pericardium?

A

-bag for life
-visceral, fiborous
-protects the heart from movement, heat, infection

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4
Q

structure of endocardium

A

layer of simple squamous epithelial cells- cover the internal heart lining

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5
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A

-contractile element
-fibres overlap, pull together to contract when they are stimulated

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6
Q

CO equation?

A

Co (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml)

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6
Q

Describe the process that occurs during heart contraction

A

pulls in, down and twists
base descends to apex
LV and RV twists to squeeze blood out

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7
Q

What’s ventricular depolarisation?

A

-QRS
-Purkinje fibres depolarise constituting ventricular depolarisation

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7
Q

Describe ventricular repolarisation

A
  • T wave
    -smaller in amplitude and slower than depolarisation
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8
Q

What does the left bundle of his bifurcate into?

A

-anterior
-superior
-posterior
-inferior
-fasicles

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8
Q

What does the PR interval on an ECG represnt?

A

AV node

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9
Q

How does the heart depolarise?

A

inside out
endocardial to epicardial

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10
Q

What’s special about the dense fibrous ring?

A

inert

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10
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

-goes through the fibroskeleton thats electrically inert and comes down to the left and right bundles
bifurcates into left and right

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10
Q

What’s the P wave in the SA node?

A

atrial depolarisation

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10
Q

What the unit of pressure?

A

mm of Hg

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10
Q

What is the role of calmodulin?

A

a protein that regulates and activates downstream kinases involved in regulating calcium signalling

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11
Q

What does automaticity mean?

A

elements in the heart can spontaneously depolarize

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12
Q

Describe action potential phase 2 - plateau

A

-opening of slow ca2+ channels
-ca2+ moves in
-membrane permeability to k+ ions decreases
-for approx 250msec membrane potential stays close to 0mv as outflow of k+ balances inflow of ca2+

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13
Q

Describe action potential phase 1

A

-incomplete beginning of repolarisation
-fast Na+ channels close
-a transient outward potassium current is activated

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14
Q

What is the function of intercalated disks?

A

strength
interconnecting lattice

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15
Q

Describe action potential phase 0

A

-depolarisation
-cell driven to threshold by stimulus
-rapid influx of Na+ via sodium channels
-produce rapid depolarisation

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16
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

-allow conduction ionic flow
-impulse in heart, gap junction provides a lower resistant pathway for ions to flow

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17
Q

list the unique features of the cardiac muscle

A

-striated
-intercalated disks
gap junctions
-bi-nucleated

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18
Q

does the LV have a moderator band?

A

No

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19
Q

What is the function of the moderator band?

A
  • septum to free wall of RA
    -stops Rv being overextended
    -Carries conduction fibres
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20
Q

Name 4 types of shunts

A

-pathological
-physiological
-congenital
-aqquired

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21
Q

What is the function of the Fossa Ovalis/ pulmona valis?

A

allows blood to go across right to left atrium

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22
Q

What is the purpose of a shunt?

A

when we move blood form one side to the other side of the heart

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23
Q

Where are pectinate muscles found?

A

anterior portion of the right atrium

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24
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

-found in the RA
-returns deoxygenated blood from the heart itself to the RA

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25
Q

How many pulmonary veins do we have?

A

4

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25
Q

Name the atrioventricular valves

A

-Tricuspid
-mitral

26
Q

Name the semilunar valves

A

-aortic
-pulmonary

26
Q

how long is the MPA (pulmonary trunk)?

26
Q

What does bifurcates mean?

27
Q

What do we call the aorta once it passes through the diaphragm?

A

abdominal aorta
(thoratic aorta before)

28
Q

How thick are atrium walls?

28
Q

How thick is he RV?

28
Q

What does the myocardium mean?

A

heart muscle

29
Q

Describe action potential phase 4

A

electrical diastole
heart rests

29
Q

How thick are left ventricle myocardial walls?

29
Q

Describe action potential phase 3

A

-late rapid repolarisation
-slow ca2+ channels close
-k+ channels open which increases the membrane permeability to k+ ions
-rapid diffusion of k+ due to concentration difference

30
Q

What is the function of the sinus valsalva?

A

-first portion of aortic valve
support for aortic valve provides space behind valve leaflets when they are open

31
Q

What function does the dog bone shape of the aorta serve?

A

cusps can’t close against the ostia

32
Q

Define orifice/ostea

33
Q

what do we also call MV and TV?

A

parachute valves

34
Q

name the 3 cusps in the aortic valves

A

-right coronary cusp
-left coronary cusp
-non coronary cusp

35
Q

when leaflets in the mitral valve meet what are they called?

A

commisures

36
Q

Name the leaflets in the mitral valve

A

anterior
posterior

37
Q

Name the 3 leaflets in the TV

A

anterior
posterior
septal

38
Q

how many cusps does the PV have?

A

3
anterior
left
right

38
Q

Are MV and Tv cusps or leafletts?

39
Q

Are AV and PV cusps or leaflets?

40
Q

What does pericardial fluid do?

A

allows visceral and fibrous pericardium to slide over each other
-fluid dissipates heat

41
Q

Intra, extra and RMP of Chloride

A

Intra-20
extra-10
Rmp-0

42
Q

intra, extra and RMP of ca2+

A

intra-0.0001
extra-2.3
RMP-+120mv

43
Q

intra, extra and RMP of K+

A

intra- 140
extra-4.5
Rmp-90MV

44
Q

intra,extra,RMP of Na+

A

intra-10
extra-140
RMP- +67

45
Q

define Stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat

46
Q

units of intra, extra cells

A

mmol/litre

47
Q

Which chamber has the lowest intracardiac pressure?

48
Q

Which is the most anterior valve?

49
Q

Where is the ostia of the coronary sinus?

50
Q

What shape is the LA?

51
Q

What is the conduction velocity of the atrial fibres?

52
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a non pacemaker cardiac cell?

53
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular ion?

54
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular ion?

55
Q

What is the normal intracellular conc of k+?

56
Q

What ion is responsible for activating the sarcoplasmic recticulum?

57
Q

The SA node is innervated by?

58
Q

What is the normal sequence of conduction?

A

SA
AV
HIS
BB (bundle branches)
PF (purkinje fibres)

59
Q

What chamber has the pressure 5-10 mmHg?

60
Q

aWheres the cristae terminales?

61
Q

What pressure must the LV overcome to eject blood?

62
Q

What are the normal ranges for the P-R interval, QRS interval and the QT interval?

A

P-R - 0.12-.0.20
QRS-0.08-0.12
QT-0.25-0.45

63
Q

Describe diastole stages

A

4
isovolume relaxation period- LV pressure drops, AV still closed

rapid inflow-AV opens, blood rushes into atria,

diastasis-filled up almost 75% of what its going to fill up to

nature contract and top up

isovolumetric contraction

64
Q

Describe the events that occur in systole

A

-LV pressure increases
-MV shuts
-S1 heart sound- lub (contract,Av shuts)
-Semi lunar valves shut-dub

65
Q

What happens during EDV?

A

blood left in the LV at the end of diastole

66
Q

Whats afterload?

A

the resistancr the LV has to overcome to open the Aortic valvue

67
Q

When does the valve open int he CS?

A

when the pressure in the LV is greater than the pressure in the Aorta

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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