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Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology > 12 Lead ECG theory > Flashcards

12 Lead ECG theory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for electrocardiography?

A

-chest pain
-acute myocardial infarction
-pulmonary embolism
-dizziness/syncope
-arrythmias
-drug efficacy
-pre- op

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2
Q

What is and ECG?

A

its a representation of the summation of the heart’s electrical activity recorded from electrodes on the body surface.

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3
Q

What is the skin prep for an ECG?

A

-clean
-abrade (gently take away the top layer of the skin)
-no oils
-shave

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4
Q

What are three steps to prepare the patient for an ECG?

A

-explanation
-relaxation
-details (name, hospital number, DOB)

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5
Q

whats the difference between congential and acute heart disease?

A

congentail-born with it
acute-aqquired it over time

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6
Q

What is a diagnostic ECG?

A

-one you can interpret
-has to be 12 lead minimum

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7
Q

Who came up with ECG?

A

-A.D Waller 1887
-Einhoven 1908
-P, QRS, T

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8
Q

How to check machine safety?

A

check the labels on the machine to check its in date, check for visible damage.

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9
Q

what things do you need to prepare for the equiptment?

A

-paper speed
-calibration
-frequency response
-settings, operator dependent

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10
Q

What does the paper speed for an ECG need to be?

A

25mm/s

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11
Q

What is the correct callibration for an ECG?

A

-sensitivity is 10mm/mV

-the standard calibration signal measures 1mV over 10mm
(output over input)

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12
Q

What is the frequency respomse for an ECG?

A

0.05-150Hz

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13
Q

What does a monoriting ECG frequency go up to?

A

40Hz

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of lead systems?

A

-Bipolar
-Unipolar
-Limb leads
-Chest leads

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15
Q

What are the limb lead placements?

A

lead I-left arm to right arm
lead II - left leg to right arm
lead III- left leg to left arm

(top three leads are bipolar)
(bottom three are unipolar)

aVR- right arm
aVL-left arm
aVF- foot

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16
Q

What do bipolar leads measure?

A

amplifying the difference between two sites

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17
Q

what are the different colors for limb leads?

A

yellow -left arm
red-right arm
black-right foot
green- left foot

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18
Q

why dont we measure the right lead in a limb ECG?

A

beacause the right leg is neutral

19
Q

What are the bipolar leads on a limb ECG?

A

lead I
lead II
Lead III

20
Q

What are the unipolar leads on a limb ECG?

A

-lead aVR
-lead aVL
-lead aVF

21
Q

Where are the chest leads/ precordial leads placed?

A

V1- 4th intercostal RSE
V2-4th intercostal LSE
V3-midway V2-V4
V4- 5th intercostal mid clavicular
V5-left ant axilla at the level of V4
V6-mid axilla at the level of V4

22
Q

What does RSE and Lse mean?

A

Right sternal edge
left sternal edge

23
Q

what does axilla mean?

A

Armpit

24
Q

where is the acrominoclavicular joint?

A

end of right clavicle,helps us determine left anterior axilla

25
Q

What are the colours for the precordial leads?

A

V1-red
V2- yellow
V3- green
V4-Brown
V5-black
V6-purple

26
Q

What planes do limb leads look at the heart in?

A

frontal plane

27
Q

What planes do chest leads look at the heart in?

A

horizontal plane

28
Q

What surface are leads II,III and aVF on?

A

inferior surface

29
Q

what surface are leads I and aVL on?

A

high lateral surface

30
Q

What surface are leads V1- V3 on?

A

anteroseptal surface

31
Q

What surface are leads V4-V6 on?

A

anterolateral surface

32
Q

What pole is the left arm?

A

positive pole

33
Q

What is the hexaxial reference system?

A

allows us to determine how the heart is lying electrically not physically

-determines the hearts electrical axis in the frontal plane

34
Q

what do p waves represent?

A

atrial depolarisation

35
Q

what do QRS complexes represent?

A

ventricular depolarisation

36
Q

What do T waves represent?

A

ventricular repolarisation

37
Q

What are some troubleshooting factors?

A

-gain
-sensitivity and paper speed
-artefact
-baseline wander
-muscle tremor
-AC interference
-comments

38
Q

When do AC mains occur?

A

-poor maintenance equiptment

39
Q

What causes a baseline wander?

A

-someone with chronic obstructive airway disease

-poor contact with electrodes

-cables being knocked

40
Q

What causes somatic?

A

-shivering
-nervous
-fidgeting
-not laying comfortably

-these muscles will interfere with the ECG

41
Q

what is the equation for large square rate of an ECG?

A

rate= 300/ R-R intervals in large squares

42
Q

What is the equation for small square rate of an ECG?

A

rate= 1500/ R-R intervals in small squares

43
Q

Whats the equation for the R wave method?

A

Number of R waves in a rhythm strip x 6

44
Q

Name the perpendicular leads

A

I and AVF
II and AVL
III and AVR

Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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