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Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

location of heart

A
  • on diaphragm near midline of thoracic cavity
  • lies in mediastinum
  • 2/3 of heart’s mass lies left of midline
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2
Q

apex

A

-rest on the diaphragm and formed by the tip of the left ventricle

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3
Q

base

A
  • formed by atria

- beneth 2nd rib

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4
Q

definition of pericardial sac

A

keeps heart in place with mediastinum

-contains heart and roots of great vessels

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5
Q

what are the two parts of the pericardial sac

A
  1. fibrous

2. serous

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6
Q

what is the fibrous part of the pericardial sac

A
  • most outside layer
  • attached to diaphragm, posterior to sternum
  • anchors heart in mediastinum
  • prevents over stretching of heart and serves as protection
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7
Q

what is the serous part of the pericardial sac

A

-thinner, delicate membrane that forms double layer around heart

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8
Q

what are the layers of the serous part of the pericardial sac

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. pericardial cavity
  3. visceral
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9
Q

what is the parietal layer of the pericardial sac

A

fused to fiberous membrane

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10
Q

what is important about the pericardial cavity and where is it located

A

located between the parietal and visceral part of the pericardium
-contains pericardial fluid, which is thin film of lubricating fluid secreted by pericardial cells that reduce friction as heart moves

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11
Q

what is the visceral layer of the pericardial sac

A
  • epicardium

- one of the layers of heart wall and adheres to surface of the heart

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12
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium (external)
  • myocardium (middle)
  • endocardium (internal)
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13
Q

what is important to know about the myocardium

A
  • middle layer of the heart
  • pumping action of the heart
  • cardiac muscle tissued
  • 95% of wall is striated like skeletal muscle
  • involuntary like smooth muscle
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14
Q

what is important to know about the endocardium

A
  • lines all of the heart chambers and heart valves

- continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels

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15
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart

A
  • 2 atria

- 2 ventricles

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16
Q

what does the 2 atrias of the heart do

A

-superior receiving chambers that receive blood from veins returning from the rest of the body

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17
Q

what do the 2 ventricles of the heart do

A

-inferior receiving chambers that eject blood from the heart into the arteries

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18
Q

where does the right atrium receive blood from

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
  • and right anterior veins?
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19
Q

what is the interarterial septum

A

thin wall between the right and left atrium

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20
Q

what does the tricuspid valve do

A
  • helps blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle
  • 3 cusps
  • also known as right atrioventricular valve
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21
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A
  • forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

- contracts and pumps blood that came through tricuspid valve through the pulmonary semilunar valve to go to the lungs

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22
Q

what does the chordae tendena and papillary muslces help to do

A
  • chordae tendena is a tendon like chord that connects to the cusps of atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles
  • the papillary muscles contract and pull on the chordae tendena to help prevent prolapse on inversion of the atrioventricular valves
23
Q

what is interventricular spetum

A

-separates the right and left ventricles

24
Q

what is the role of the left atrium

A
  • forms most of the base of the heart

- receives blood from the pulmonary veins

25
Q

what is the role of the bicuspid valve

A
  • valve where the blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle
  • 2 cusps
  • also known as the left atrioventricular valve
26
Q

what is the left ventricle

A
  • thickest chamber
  • forms apex of heart
  • contracts and pushes blood from the left atrium up the aortic valve and into the systemic circulation
27
Q

what is the aortic valve

A
  • also known as aortic semilunar valve

- blood flows from LV to ascending aorta

28
Q

details about the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A
  • part of the heart wall, made of dense connective tissue
  • composed of 4 annuli that surround the valves of the heart and come together with one another a merge with the interventricular septum
  • important because it forms the structural foundation of heart valves
  • helps prevent over stretching, helps electrical insulation b/w atria and ventricles
29
Q

what do the heart valves do

A
  • open and close based on pressure changes as heart contracts and relaxes
  • ensures unidirectional flow of blood through heart
  • close passively when ventricles contract (sistole), pressure drives cusps upward until they meet
  • chordae tendenae are tightened by papillary muscles to prevent cusps going into atria
30
Q

atrial ventricular valves

A
  • open passively wen pressure is higher in atria than in ventricles
  • ends of cusps project into ventricle
31
Q

semilunar valves

A

-aortic and pulmonary valve
-each have 3 cusps
allow ejection of blood from the heart into the arteries and prevent backflow into venticles
-open when pressure in ventricles is greater than pressure in arteries
-allows ejection of blood from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and aorta
-when ventricles relax, back flow of blood fills the valve cusps and cause them to close

32
Q

what does the left side of the heart do

A
  • pump for systemic circulation

- receives oxygen rich blood from lungs

33
Q

what does the right side of the heart do

A
  • pump for pulmonary circulation

- receives oxygen poor blood from systemic circulation

34
Q

what does the coronary circulation consist of

A

-made up of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

35
Q

what are the coronary arteries

A

-left and right coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta, above the aortic valve in the sinus of Valsalva

36
Q

what is the opening of the coronary arteries known as

A

coronary ostia

37
Q

how do the coronary arteries get blood

A

when the ventricle relaxes and the backflow of blood closes the aortic semilunar valve, this causes the filling of coronary arteries

38
Q

Branches of the right coronary artery (RCA)

A
  1. SA Nodal branch
  2. acute marginal branch: supplies right ventricular wall and gives off collaterals to the terminal branches of LAD
  3. posterior descending branch: supplies 1/3 of interventricular septum
  4. posterior septal branch: supplies AV node
  5. atrioventricular branch
39
Q

Right coronary artery

A
  • supplies small branches to the right atrium
  • travels forward and down the right AV sulcus
  • travels toward apex and continues on posterior
40
Q

Branches of left coronary artery

A
  1. Left anterior descending (LAD)
  2. circumflex branches
  3. Ramus Medianus (RX)
41
Q

Left coronary artery

A
  • passes inferior to the left auricle and divides in the LAD and circumflex branch
  • there is a ramus medianus branch but not all patients have that
42
Q

Left anterior descending branch

A
  • also known as the “widow maker”
  • located in the anterior sulcus
  • supplies oxygenated blood to walls of ventricles
  • supples anterior 2/3 interventricular septum
  • branches into the septal and diagonal branch
43
Q

circumflex branch

A
  • curves around the left side of the heart
  • supplies oxygenated blood to walls of left ventricle and left atrium
  • further branches into the obtuse marginal branches
44
Q

what is the third coronary artery

A

the conus artery

  • majority of cases has independent ostium, may share ostium with right coronary artery
  • supplies anterior wall of RV when present
45
Q

what are the three coronary arteries

A
  • left coronary artery
  • right coronary artery
  • conus artery
46
Q

explain coronary circulation

A

-blood passes through coronary arteries, flows into capillaries, where delivers oxygen and nutrients to muscles and collects CO2 and waste then travels to coronary veins

47
Q

details of coronary venous system

A
  • twice as many veins as there are arteries supplying the heart
  • two parts: coronary sinus system and anterior cardiac venous system
48
Q

what does the coronary sinus system do

A
  • left cardiac venous system

- collecting system for most of the superficial veins of the heart

49
Q

what does the anterior cardiac venous sytem do

A
  • right cardiac venous system

- made up of veins which open directly into right atrium

50
Q

coronary sinus details

A
  • collection of veins that join together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium)
  • empties directly into right atrium
  • primary collector of cardiac venous blood with largest cardiac vein in terms of diameter
  • retrograde cardioplegia given
51
Q

what are the veins in the coronary sinus system?

A
  1. great cardiac vein: largest vein
  2. left marginal vein: aka lateral vein
  3. left posterior vein aka inferior veins of left ventricle
  4. middle vein aka posterior interventricular vein
52
Q

anterior cardiac venous system details

A

-drain veins that originate on the anteriolateral surface of the RV and enter directly into the RA

53
Q

what veins are in the anterior cardiac venous system?

A
  • right marginal vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • sinus node vein

Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) (3 decks)

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