Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

arteries/arterioles

A

conduct blood away from the ventricles of heart to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

venules/veins

A

return blood from capillaries to atria of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

arteries

A
  • strong, elastic vessels that carry blood away from heart under high pressure
  • subdivide and branch into arterioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

structure of arterial wall

A
  • 3 distinct layers
    1. tunica internal (intima)- layer of simple squamous epithelium, elastic
    2. tunica media- bulk of wall, smooth muscle fibers, tough elasticity
    3. tunica external (adventitia)- thin layer of connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagenous fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what changes the diameter of arteries and arterioles and what does it affect

A
  • greatly impacts BP
  • sympathetic brances of autonomic nervous system innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls which cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

arterioles details

A
  • microscopic continuations of arteries
  • branch into smaller metarterioles that join with capillaries
  • muscle fibers of wall of arterioles and metarterioles adapted for vasodilation/vasoconstruction to help control blood flow in capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

endothelium

A
  • barrier between vessel lumen and surround tissue allows blood cells and platelets to flow through blood vessels
  • helps proper hemostatic balance
  • prevents blood clotting
  • regulates blood flow by secreting substances that can dilate or constrict vessel
  • endothelium damage can play a big role in cardiovascular disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

substance secreted by endothelium that can dilate vessel

A
  • nitric oxide

- prostacyclin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

substance secreted by endothelium that can constrict vessel

A
  • endothelin
  • thromboxane A2
  • angiotensin II
  • superoxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

details of capillaries

A
  • smallest diameter

- intercellular channels in walls determine permeability and vary from tissue to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the arrangement of capillaries

A
  • high tissues rate of metabolism = denser capillary network

- low metabolism = lack of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the regulation of blood flow of capillaries

A
  • precarpillary sphincters are smooth muscles that surround the entrances of capillary networks and control distribution of blood flow
  • sphincters respond to demands of cells that capillary supplies and if the cell is in low oxygen and nutrients, it relaxes and blood flow increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

exchange in capillaries

A

-occurs through diffusion, filtration, osmosis, reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diffusion in capillaries

A
  • blood rich oxygen and nutrients within systemic capillaries enters tissue fluid
  • CO2 and other wastes enter capillary blood from tissue
  • substances that diffuse easily are dependent upon solubility in lipids
  • proteins that are too large to diffuse through membrane pores or slitlike openings within endothelial cells remain in blood, which helps maintain osmotic oncotic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

filtration in capillaries

A
  • hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through a membrane
  • occurs primarily at arteriolar ends of capillaries
  • blood pressure higher and opposes the action of plasma colloid osmotic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reabsorption in capillaries

A
  • colloid osmotic pressure pulls fluid into capillaries and/or prevents fluid from leaving
  • occurs at venular end
  • colloid osmotic pressure unchanged, blood pressure decreased due to resistance through capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

venules

A

-microscopic vessels that continue from capillaries and merge to form veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood back to the atria
  • there are semilunar valves that project inward from interior lining of vessel that aid in returning blood to heart
  • function as blood reservoirs in times of blood loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood pressure

A

-most commonly refers to pressure in arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

systolic pressure

A

max pressure achieved in arteries during ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lowest pressure achieved in arteries before next ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a pulse

A

expanding and recoiling of arterial wall

-used to determine heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the order that blood pressure is greatest in

A

arteries > arterioles > arteriolar end of capillary > venular end of capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the factors that influence blood pressure

A
  • heart action
  • blood volume
  • resistance to flow
  • blood viscosity: great viscosity, greater resistance to flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the top number when taking blood pressure represent

A

systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the bottom number when taking blood pressure

A

diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the normal blood pressure

A

systolic: less than 120
diastolic: less than 80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the prehypertension blood pressure

A

systolic: 120-139
diastolic: 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the high blood pressure stage 1 blood pressure

A

systolic: 140-159
diastolic: 90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the high blood pressure stage 2 blood pressure

A

systolic: 160 or higher
diastolic: 100 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is hypertensive crisis blood pressure

A

systolic: higher than 180
diastolic: higher than 110

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what role does the aortic root play in aortic circulation`

A
  • contains aortic cusps, aortic sinus, coronary ostia
  • aortic bodies that are within lining of aortic sinuses contain chemoreceptors that sense blood concetrations of oxygen and CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what role does the ascending aorta play in aortic circulation

A
  • first part of aorta

- emerges from LV posterior to pulmonary trunk and ends at the level of angle where then become the aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

details of aortic arch within aortic circulation

A
  • 4-5cm in length
  • emerges from pericardium posterior to sternum
  • ends b/w 4 & 5th thoracic vertebral to then become the thoracic aorta
  • contains baroreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure
35
Q

what are the three main arteries that originate from the aortic arch

A
  • brachiocephalic
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian
36
Q

brachiocephalic artery

A
  • aka innominate artery
  • supplies blood to tissue of upper limb, head, neck, and thoracic wall
  • first branch from arch and rises through mediastinum
  • branches into right common carotid and right subclavian
37
Q

what does the right common carotid supply

A

-carries blood to the right side of head and neck

38
Q

what is the external carotid artery

A
  • divided from RCC and LCC

- major blood source to all structures of head except brain

39
Q

what is the internal carotid artery

A
  • divided from RCC and LCC

- gives rise to multiple branches inside cranial cavity and terminates as anterior cerebral arteries

40
Q

what is the circle of willis

A
  • also know as cerebral arterial circle
  • arrangement of blood vessels @ base of brain
  • composed of anastomosis of L and R internal carotid arteries
  • equalizes blood pressure in brain
  • provides alternate routes for blood flow to brain
41
Q

what is anastomoses

A

-important bc occur normally in the body in the circulatory system, serving as backup routes for blood flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised

42
Q

thoracic aorta

A

-begins b/w 4 and 5th thoracic vertebrae

43
Q

what branches from thoracic aorta

A
  • visceral branches: arteries to internal organs
  • parietal branches: arteriess to body wall structures
  • bronchial arteries
44
Q

what is the abdominal aorta

A
  • continuation of thoracic aorta after passes through diaphragm
  • ends at common iliac arteries
  • gives off visceral and parietal branches
  • unpaired and paired visceral branches
45
Q

what are the unpaired visceral branches of the abd aorta

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
46
Q

what are the paired visceral branches of the abd aorta

A

-suparenal, renal, gonadal arteries

47
Q

vessels in liver

A
  • has double blood supply: systemic circulation & hepatic portal circulation
  • 20% cardiac output
  • portal triad: portal field, portal area, portal trunk
48
Q

where do the hepatic arteries branch from

A

celiac trunk of abd aorta

49
Q

common hepatic artery

A

supplies liver, gallbladeder, stomach, small intestine and pancreas
-branches off into proper hepatic artery and left heaptic artery

50
Q

what is the portal triad

A
  • portal field, portal area, portal trunk

- composed of proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, common bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and branch of vagus nerve

51
Q

venous circulation

A
  • veins return blood to heart

- superficial or deep: superficial veins do not correspond to those of arteries, deep veins do

52
Q

what are SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

A

-systemic veins that drain deoxygenated blood into heart

53
Q

SVC

A

receives blood from veins superior to diaphragm

54
Q

IVC

A

receives blood from veins that are inferior to diaphragm

55
Q

where do most blood passing through the head drain into

A

-internal jugular, external jugular, and vertebral veins

56
Q

internal jugular

A

drains brain, bones of cranium, muscles, tissues of face and neck

57
Q

external jugular

A

drains scalp of head and neck

58
Q

vertebral veins

A

drains cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, deep muscles in neck

59
Q

veins of the thorax

A
  • most of thoracic structures drain by azygos system (R thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, posterior abdominal wall)
  • all drain into SVC
  • may serve as bypass for IVC bc many small veins link azygos system with IVC
  • provides an alternate route for venous return if the IVC or hepatic portal vein becomes obstructed
60
Q

veins of abd and pelvis

A

-blood returns to heart via IVC

61
Q

where does the IVC not receive blood from

A
  • GI tract
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
62
Q

what is hepatic portal circulation

A

formed from joining of superior mesenteric and splenic veins

-receives blood from left gastric vein, right gastric vein, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric vein

63
Q

when the deoxygenated blood travels out of the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs, where does the gaseous exchange happen?

A

capillaries

64
Q

what is a right dominant heart

A

PDA come off of RCA

65
Q

what is a left dominant heart

A

PDA comes off of LCA

66
Q

what is a co dominant heart

A

PDA comes off of RCA and LCA

67
Q

systolic blood pressure is measured when….

A

when the ventricles contact

68
Q

which of the blood vessels is most often used to find the arterial systolic pressure?

A

radial artery

69
Q

what is a branch off of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

right subclavian artery

70
Q

which arteries enter the brain through the foramen magnum?

A

vertebral

71
Q

the basilar artery are formed by the union of which arteries?

A

vertebral

72
Q

from the femoral arteries, blood flows into where

A

the popliteal artery

73
Q

blood reaches the cell that make up blood vessels by way of tiny capillaries called the ___ in the outer layer of the vessel

A

vasa vasorum

74
Q

pressure due to the presence of water in the capillary blood results in

A

blood hydrostatic pressure

75
Q

endothelium makes up the layer of artery called the

A

tunica interna

76
Q

Capillaries in which the basement membrane is incomplete or absent and have large spaces between the endothelial cells are called

A

sinusoids

77
Q

he most important blood reservoirs are the

A

veins the abdominal organs

78
Q

If your total blood volume is 5 liters, the volume in your veins and venules is

A

3 liters

79
Q

Velocity of blood flow is fastest in the

A

aorta

80
Q

Circulation time in an average resting human is about

A

one minute

81
Q

If a tube is decreased to 1/2 its diameter, it will increase its resistance to fluid flow

A

4 times

82
Q

Most of the tissues and organs in the thorax are drained by the

A

azygous system and veins

83
Q

At the back of the knee, the anterior and posterior tibial and small saphenous veins drain blood into the

A

popliteal vein

Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions