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Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) > Board Review > Flashcards

Board Review Flashcards

1
Q

three layers of the heart

A

epicardium (outer)
myocardium (middle)
endocardium (inner

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2
Q

what is the visceral pericardium called

A

epicardium

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3
Q

the pulmonary trunk lies in what layer of the heart

A

pericardium

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4
Q

collection of pericardial fluid in the pericardial sac causes

A

chylopericardium

rare and benign disease entity in which chylous fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity

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5
Q

organ of bronchial arteries

A

descending aorta

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6
Q

bronchial arteries supply what

A

flow and oxygenated blood to the pulmonary tissues of the lungs

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7
Q

the superior and inferior left bronchial arteries come off of the

A

thoracic aorta

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8
Q

the single right bronchial artery comes off of the

A

thoracic aorta or branched with intercostals

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9
Q

t/f

bronchial veins dump directly into the heart

A

FALSE

bronchial veins do not dump directly into the heart

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10
Q

where do bronchial veins dump into

A

dump into the azygous vein

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11
Q

where is the azygous vein and why is it important

A

azygous vein runs up the side of the thoracic vertebral column, draining itself toward the SVC

azygous vein connects the sac and IVC and can provide alternate paths for blood to the RA when the vena cavae is blocked

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12
Q

the azygous vein can serve as a natural bypass for what

A

for the IVC

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13
Q

where doe she accessory azygous and the hemizygous drain

A

the accessory azygous drains in the upper left posterior intercostal veins

homozygous drains the lower poster

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14
Q

LV return on bypass is due to what

A

azygous vein continuation

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15
Q

the cardiovascular system consists of

A

blood components

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16
Q

the circulatory system consists of

A

blood vessels

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17
Q

the femoral artery is a continuation of the

A

external iliac artery

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18
Q

coronary blood flow is about how many ml/min and occurs predominately when?

A

about 250 ml/min

predominately during diastole

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19
Q

the openings of the coronary arteries are the

A

coronary ostias

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20
Q

the left coronary artery is the:

A

left main:

LAD
circumflex
ramus

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21
Q

the left main coronary supplies the

A

left ventricle

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22
Q

the LAD supplies the

A

front and bottom of the ventricle and the front of the septum

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23
Q

branches of the LAD

A

diagonal and septal

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24
Q

the LAD is known as the

A

widow maker

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25
Q

diagonal coronary arteries supply

A

the anterior and wall of the LV

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26
Q

branches of the circumflex artery

A

obtuse marginals

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27
Q

what 3 arteries feed the posterior portion of the LV

A

circumflex artery
posterior descending branch fo the RCA
ascending portion of the LAD

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28
Q

what 3 arteries supply the anterior portion of the LV

A

left main
left circumflex
LAD

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29
Q

the right main supplies the

A

right ventricle

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30
Q

branches of the right coronary artery

A

conus
SA nodal
acute marginals
PDA

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31
Q

RCA is domininant when

A

it gives rise to the PDA

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32
Q

what veins drain into the anterior cardiac system (RA)

A

right marginal vein
acute marginal vein
sinus node vein

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33
Q

coronaries have how much percent of CO

A

5%

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34
Q

coronary veins include

A

thebesian
anterior cardiac
coronary sinus

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35
Q

the coronary sinus veins include

A

great cardiac
middle cardiac
posterior vein of LV
left marginal vein

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36
Q

great cardia vein runs along the

A

LAD

37
Q

what drains into the coronary sinus

A

great cardiac vein
left marginal vein
middle veins
left posterior veins

38
Q

where does the coronary sinus lie

A

posterior atrioventricular sulcus

39
Q

where does the coronary sinus receive blood and drain into

A

receives blood from the superficial veins of the heart

drains into the RA near the tricuspid valve

40
Q

what supplies the lower 2/3 of the spinal cord

A

the artery radicularis magna artery

41
Q

what artery supplies 1/3 of the spinal cord

A

the posterior spinal artery

42
Q

what is the area that surrounds the lungs called

A

the pleural cavity

43
Q

conversion of angiotensin I to II occurs in the

A

lungs

44
Q

what is the lining around the lungs called

A

visceral pleura

45
Q

tidal volume definition

A

air moved into and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation

46
Q

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is

A

pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure (pressure outside of body) that exists at the end of expiration

47
Q

what are the two types of PEEP

A

extrinsic PEEP: applied by ventilator

intrinsic PEEP: caused by incomplete exhalation

48
Q

what is ischemic lung due to

A

disruption of bronchial flow

49
Q

what is negative pressure in the lungs from

A

the pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure

50
Q

the aortic and pulmonary valves open and close during

A

open during systole

close during diastole

51
Q

the aortic and pulmonary valve close during

A

atrial contration

52
Q

the tricuspid and mitral valve close during

A

the beginning of ventricular contraction

53
Q

all valves are closed during

A

isovolumic contraction

54
Q

commissural cusps of the aortic valve are

A

posterior, right nd left

55
Q

commissural cusps of the pulmonary valve are

A

anterior, right, and left

56
Q

where are papillary muscles found

A

in the left and right ventricle (mitral and tricuspid valve)

57
Q

how do the papillary muscles help

A

by allowing longitudinal shortening of the LV, the papillary muscles help the LV in ventricular contraction

58
Q

when is AI the owrst

A

during the beginning of ventricular diastole

59
Q

what can AI cause

A

cerebral insufficiency
pulmonary congestion and edema
right heart failure secondary to left heart failure

60
Q

mechanical valves last for how long

A

20+ years

61
Q

bioprosthetic valves last for how long

A

15+ years

62
Q

what is the valve of choice for endocarditits

A

homograft

63
Q

with rheumatic heart disease, you can develop what

A

mitral stenosis

64
Q

what is the section of the brain that regulates temperature

A

hyopothalamus

65
Q

what are the major arteries that perfuse the brain

A

vertebral and internal carotids

66
Q

where is insulin secreted

A

islet of langerhans

67
Q

what is the vagus nerve’s function

A

parasympathetic response such as heart rate and digestion

68
Q

compression of the vagus nerve can cause

A

bradycardia

69
Q

what is the SA node known as

A

pacemaker of the heart

70
Q

if the SA node fails, in a normal heart, what should take over?

A

the AV node

71
Q

first degree heart block

A

electrical impulses are slowed as they pass through the conduction system, but they all successfully reach the ventricles

72
Q

second degree heart block

A

electrical impulses are delayed further and further with each subsequent heartbeat until a beat fails to reach to the ventricles entirely

73
Q

third degree heart block

A

aka complete heart block

no electrical impulses from the atria reach the ventricles. when this happens, they may generate some impulses on their own

74
Q

bundle branch block

A

electrical impulses are slowed or blocked as they travel through the specialized conducting tissues in one of the two ventricles

75
Q

where is the AV node located

A

base of the RA or triangle of Koch

76
Q

what is Bachman’s bundle

A

the internal tract that stimulates the left atrium

77
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system has ____ outflow

A

craniosacral outflow

78
Q

the sympathetic nervous system has ____ outflow

A

thoracolumbar outflow

79
Q

in the heart, parasympathetic (cholinergic) stimulation causes what

A 
decreased chronotrophy 
decreased dromotrophy (decreased conduction)
80
Q

in the heart, sympathetic (B1 adrenergic) stimulation causes

A

increase chronotrophy
increased dromotrophy
increased inotropy

81
Q

QRS wave represents

A

ventricular depolarization

82
Q

T wave represents

A

ventricular repolarization

83
Q

P wave is

A

atrial depolarization in the atria

84
Q

p wave time

A

0.08-0.12 seconds

85
Q

QRS wave time

A

0.08 to 0.1 seconds

86
Q

R wave time

A

0.2 seconds

87
Q

PR interval is

A

0.12-0.2 seconds

88
Q

ST segment duration

A

0.005-0.15 seconds

89
Q

purkinji fibers role in ventricle

A

contract simultaneously

Cardiac Anatomy (Boards) (3 decks)

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