Board Review Flashcards
three layers of the heart
epicardium (outer)
myocardium (middle)
endocardium (inner
what is the visceral pericardium called
epicardium
the pulmonary trunk lies in what layer of the heart
pericardium
collection of pericardial fluid in the pericardial sac causes
chylopericardium
rare and benign disease entity in which chylous fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity
organ of bronchial arteries
descending aorta
bronchial arteries supply what
flow and oxygenated blood to the pulmonary tissues of the lungs
the superior and inferior left bronchial arteries come off of the
thoracic aorta
the single right bronchial artery comes off of the
thoracic aorta or branched with intercostals
t/f
bronchial veins dump directly into the heart
FALSE
bronchial veins do not dump directly into the heart
where do bronchial veins dump into
dump into the azygous vein
where is the azygous vein and why is it important
azygous vein runs up the side of the thoracic vertebral column, draining itself toward the SVC
azygous vein connects the sac and IVC and can provide alternate paths for blood to the RA when the vena cavae is blocked
the azygous vein can serve as a natural bypass for what
for the IVC
where doe she accessory azygous and the hemizygous drain
the accessory azygous drains in the upper left posterior intercostal veins
homozygous drains the lower poster
LV return on bypass is due to what
azygous vein continuation
the cardiovascular system consists of
blood components
the circulatory system consists of
blood vessels
the femoral artery is a continuation of the
external iliac artery
coronary blood flow is about how many ml/min and occurs predominately when?
about 250 ml/min
predominately during diastole
the openings of the coronary arteries are the
coronary ostias
the left coronary artery is the:
left main:
LAD
circumflex
ramus
the left main coronary supplies the
left ventricle
the LAD supplies the
front and bottom of the ventricle and the front of the septum
branches of the LAD
diagonal and septal
the LAD is known as the
widow maker
diagonal coronary arteries supply
the anterior and wall of the LV
branches of the circumflex artery
obtuse marginals
what 3 arteries feed the posterior portion of the LV
circumflex artery
posterior descending branch fo the RCA
ascending portion of the LAD
what 3 arteries supply the anterior portion of the LV
left main
left circumflex
LAD
the right main supplies the
right ventricle
branches of the right coronary artery
conus
SA nodal
acute marginals
PDA
RCA is domininant when
it gives rise to the PDA
what veins drain into the anterior cardiac system (RA)
right marginal vein
acute marginal vein
sinus node vein
coronaries have how much percent of CO
5%
coronary veins include
thebesian
anterior cardiac
coronary sinus
the coronary sinus veins include
great cardiac
middle cardiac
posterior vein of LV
left marginal vein
great cardia vein runs along the
LAD
what drains into the coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
left marginal vein
middle veins
left posterior veins
where does the coronary sinus lie
posterior atrioventricular sulcus
where does the coronary sinus receive blood and drain into
receives blood from the superficial veins of the heart
drains into the RA near the tricuspid valve
what supplies the lower 2/3 of the spinal cord
the artery radicularis magna artery
what artery supplies 1/3 of the spinal cord
the posterior spinal artery
what is the area that surrounds the lungs called
the pleural cavity
conversion of angiotensin I to II occurs in the
lungs
what is the lining around the lungs called
visceral pleura
tidal volume definition
air moved into and out of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is
pressure in the lungs (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure (pressure outside of body) that exists at the end of expiration
what are the two types of PEEP
extrinsic PEEP: applied by ventilator
intrinsic PEEP: caused by incomplete exhalation
what is ischemic lung due to
disruption of bronchial flow
what is negative pressure in the lungs from
the pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure
the aortic and pulmonary valves open and close during
open during systole
close during diastole
the aortic and pulmonary valve close during
atrial contration
the tricuspid and mitral valve close during
the beginning of ventricular contraction
all valves are closed during
isovolumic contraction
commissural cusps of the aortic valve are
posterior, right nd left
commissural cusps of the pulmonary valve are
anterior, right, and left
where are papillary muscles found
in the left and right ventricle (mitral and tricuspid valve)
how do the papillary muscles help
by allowing longitudinal shortening of the LV, the papillary muscles help the LV in ventricular contraction
when is AI the owrst
during the beginning of ventricular diastole
what can AI cause
cerebral insufficiency
pulmonary congestion and edema
right heart failure secondary to left heart failure
mechanical valves last for how long
20+ years
bioprosthetic valves last for how long
15+ years
what is the valve of choice for endocarditits
homograft
with rheumatic heart disease, you can develop what
mitral stenosis
what is the section of the brain that regulates temperature
hyopothalamus
what are the major arteries that perfuse the brain
vertebral and internal carotids
where is insulin secreted
islet of langerhans
what is the vagus nerve’s function
parasympathetic response such as heart rate and digestion
compression of the vagus nerve can cause
bradycardia
what is the SA node known as
pacemaker of the heart
if the SA node fails, in a normal heart, what should take over?
the AV node
first degree heart block
electrical impulses are slowed as they pass through the conduction system, but they all successfully reach the ventricles
second degree heart block
electrical impulses are delayed further and further with each subsequent heartbeat until a beat fails to reach to the ventricles entirely
third degree heart block
aka complete heart block
no electrical impulses from the atria reach the ventricles. when this happens, they may generate some impulses on their own
bundle branch block
electrical impulses are slowed or blocked as they travel through the specialized conducting tissues in one of the two ventricles
where is the AV node located
base of the RA or triangle of Koch
what is Bachman’s bundle
the internal tract that stimulates the left atrium
the parasympathetic nervous system has ____ outflow
craniosacral outflow
the sympathetic nervous system has ____ outflow
thoracolumbar outflow
in the heart, parasympathetic (cholinergic) stimulation causes what
decreased chronotrophy decreased dromotrophy (decreased conduction)
in the heart, sympathetic (B1 adrenergic) stimulation causes
increase chronotrophy
increased dromotrophy
increased inotropy
QRS wave represents
ventricular depolarization
T wave represents
ventricular repolarization
P wave is
atrial depolarization in the atria
p wave time
0.08-0.12 seconds
QRS wave time
0.08 to 0.1 seconds
R wave time
0.2 seconds
PR interval is
0.12-0.2 seconds
ST segment duration
0.005-0.15 seconds
purkinji fibers role in ventricle
contract simultaneously
