cardiac a&P Flashcards
each time heart beats
volume of blood is ejected
___________
CO
SVxHR= CO
amount of blood the heart pumps out of LV each min
CO
with HF
LV is weak and cant pump blood out = CO is ________
diminished
end diastolic volume
end systolic volume
blood in the ventricle before contraction
remaining blood in the ventricle after contraction
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a single contraction.
It’s calculated by subtracting the remaining blood in the ventricle after contraction (end systolic volume) from the total blood in the ventricle before contraction (end diastolic volume).
SV
preload
afterload
and
contractility
effect _____
SV…and thus CO
volume of blood in heart
force opposing ejection of blood from the ventricle (pressure)
contractile abilities of the heart
contractility
afterload
preload
preload
afterload
contractility
stretch of cardiac muslce cells before contraction
AKA
chamber volume just prior to contraction
preload
hypovolemia = less ventricular filling = _____ preload = ______ SV = ______ CO
less, less, less
increase in resting muscle length = greater muscle tension
length-tension relationship
This is similar to stretching a rubber band; the more you stretch it, the more force it will exert when released.
what law?
frank-starling law
the heart as the ability to change its force of contraction and SV in response to changes in venous return
This is similar to stretching a rubber band; the more you stretch it, the more force it will exert when released.
what law
frank-starling law
intracellular - fluid ____ cells
interstitial - fluid _____ cells
extracellular - fluid ____ cells, or inside capillary
inside
surrounds
outside
fluid in blood exerts ______ pressure
hydrostatic
force pushes fluid out of capillary into interstitial and intracellular spaces
hydrostatic pressure
particles in blood
albumin, sodium, glucose
exert ____ pressure
oncotic or osmotic
force pulls fluid from interstitial and intracellular spaces in to capillary
not albumin
oncotic or osmotic pressure
oncotic pressure (pull) and hydrostatic pressure (push) oppose and balance each other
what law
starlings law of capillary forces
resistance that must be overcome for blood to eject from the chamber
afterload
LV afterload (resistance that must be overcome for blood to eject from the chamber) is determined by the _____ BP
aortic
increase in afterload = __crease in SV
decrease - unless the heart compensates
ex: a person with high BP will have high afterload and be at risk for low SV (the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a single contraction.)
free calcium within myocardial cells determine
contractility force
increase contractility = __crease SV
increase
vena cavae and coronary sinus supply blood to _____ ventricle
R
LV failure
____ effect = the failing LV creates a buildup of hydrostatic pressure in LA, pulmonary veins and capillaries (pulmonary edema, crackles, dyspnea, orthopnea, PND)
_____ effect = causes decreased perfusion to the brain, kidneys and organs
backward
forward
LV failure causes pulmonary edema
backwards or forwards effect?
fine crackles = mild or sever?
coarse, bubble crackles = mild or sever?
pink frothy sputum = mild or sever?
backwards
mild
severe
severe
_________ effect
LV failure
poor ejection of blood into aorta and poor perfusion to body
stimulates RAAS, ADH, and SNS
forward
forward effect
LV failure
kidneys sense poor perfusion = activates ___
aorta and peripheral arteries sense poor perfusion = activates _______ to drop BP and activate SNS
SNS stimulates ______ receptors
adrenergic stimulation =
of the heart increase ____ _____
of the vasculature causes vaso_______
RAAS
baroreceptors
adrenergic
HR
vasoconstriction
forward effect
LV failure
the posterior pituitary gland sense the poor perfusion = releases ______
which increases water absorption into the blood stream = increased blood volume
ADH
