Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Exam 3 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

between atria and ventricles; close at beginning of ventricular contraction, open when ventricle relaxes; Mitral and Tricuspid Valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Semilunar valves

A

open during ventricular contraction, closed when ventricles relax; Pulmonary and aortic valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cardiac Conduction (greatest to least)

A

SA node (60-100), AV node, Bundle of HIS (40-60), purkinje FIbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Electrical Waves

A

P wave= atrial contraction
QRS= ventricular contraction
T wave= resetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

First Heart Sound

A

S1, AV valves closed at beginning of systole d/t increasing pressure in ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Second Heart Sound

A

S2, Semilunar valves closed at end of systole d/t decreased pressure in ventricle; physiologic split

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atherosclerosis (what is it)

A

hardening of material in arteries; coronary arteries most affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atherosclerosis (Causes)

A

most common cause of CAD-MI, CVA accumulation of fatty, fibrous plaque; caused changes in vessel ability to dilate; calcification and rupture can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atherosclerosis (S/S)

A

fatty streaks, foam cells (macrophages with lipids and Tcells), fibrous plaque, complicated lesions (ulceration)–> adhereance, platelet aggregation–> thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atherosclerosis (Risk Factors)

A 
Dyslipidemia- high LDL, low HDL
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus- gengrene, hyperlipidemia 
Hypertension (most tx)
Obesity and inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (what is it)

A

leading cause of death; most common in morning (highest platelet aggregation); narrowing/obstruction of arteries, decreased perfusion, no O2 supply–> hypertnetion angina, dysrhythmia, MI, CHF, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sudden Cardiac Death(causes)

A

75% - CAD, 25% myocardial abnormalities,

90% lethal dysrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Collateral Circuation

A

takes time to develop, re-routing blood flow d/t occlusion, more common in older people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (S/S)

A

chest pain (angina) provoked by exertion/anxiety, alleviated by rest; imbalance of O2 supply/demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Angina (3)

A
  1. Stable
  2. Unstable (preinfarction)- recent, low levels of exertion
  3. Variant/Prinzmetal- resting pain, spasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ECG/EKG Pattern

A

elevated ST segment with MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Angina (Dx)

A

ECG, stress test (Persantine), cardiac enzymes, cardiac cath/ coronary arteriography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angina (Tx)

A

pain management, bed rest, O2, nitroglycerin is good lung function, ECG, continuous cardiac monitoring, drugs (nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)

For unstable- daily aspirin, anti-coagulant (heparin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Surgical Procedures for Angina

A

PTCA, laser angioplasty, atherrectomy, vascular stent, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

A

dilate artery with balloon catheter, re occlusions can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

shorter hospitalization; travels from Inferior venacava, R atrium, R ventricle to coronary artery

Contraindicated:left main coronary artery stenosis
severe diffuse multi-vessel disease

22
Q

Laser- Assisted Angioplasty

A

laser probe used for small occlusions in distal superficial femoral, proximal popliteal, and common iliac arteries

23
Q

Atherectomy

A

rotating blade that scrapes away arterial plaque, works best in straight lesions, loose pieces can break off and cause thrombus/embolism

24
Q

Coronary Artery Stent

A

used with PTCA, stent maintains patency of newly opened artery

25
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

Attach saphenous vein between ascending aorta & stenotic coronary artery

26
Q

Coronary Revascularization

A

CABG, PTCA if medications failed, improves survival

27
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) (what is it)

A

thrombotic occlusion superimposed on CAD, blood clot on top of already narrowed vessels; impaired L ventricular filling, L sided HF

28
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (causes)

A

ineffective endocarditis emboli, thrombi from prothetic valves, atrial thrombi, vasospasm from cocaine, small vessel disease, trauma

29
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI) (what is it)

A

myocardial tissue abruptly/severely deprived of O2- 6 hours later when affected area blue and swollen, 48 hours- grey w/ yellow streaks

30
Q

Q-wave infarct/transmural

A

damage to muscle has gone through all 3 heart layers

31
Q

Size of MI depends on…

A

1) extent, severity, duration of ischemic episode
2) collateral circulation
3) metabolic needs

32
Q

Widow Maker

A

LAD- left anterior descending artery, anterior L ventricle, Apex, interventricular spetum

33
Q

Layers of Infarct

A 
center= necrotic (not regenerated, replaced by scar tissue)
middle= injured area
outside= ischemic area
34
Q

Location of MI

A

R coronary artery= inferior wall

circumflex artery= posterior wall

LAD= anterior wall/septal wall

35
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (S/S)

A

intense, severe, crushing pain for 30-60min, radiates to arm, neck, jaw, diaphoresis, weakness, doom, restlessness, confusion, fever, edema, JVD, cough/wheezing,crackles, SOB, frothy sputum

36
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (Dx)

A

complete blood count (WBC), ESR, myoglobin( O2 binding protein) Creatine Kinase (CK), or Creatine Phosphokinase , TroponinT/1, AST, LDH

All would be higher w/ AMI

37
Q

3 types of Creatine Enzymes

A 
CK-MM= skeletal muscle
CK-MB= cardiac muscle
CK-BB= brain/lung
38
Q

Troponin (2 types)

A

T: regulatroy protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, antibodies can detect in myocardial injury.

1: protein in cardiac muscle, specific to myocardium (GOLD STANDARD)

39
Q

Stenosis

A

failure of valve to open completely; narrowed; SYSTOLIC murmur

40
Q

Regurgitation

A

Failure of valve to close completely; leaky; DIASTOLIC murmur

41
Q

Causes of Valve Disease

A

Myxomatus degeneration (connective tissue weakens), calcific degeneration (valves calcified), congential defects, ineffecctive endocarditis (bacteria), CAD (wall damage), AMI (tissue damage)

42
Q

Mitral Valve Stenosis

A

diastolic murmur, LA to LV, Afib, Pulmonary Congestion, decrease Systolic Volume

43
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

A

mid-systolic murmur; risk of ineffective endocarditis, rhythm disturbances, dizzy, dyspnea, chest pain, anxiety

44
Q

Aortic Valve Stenosis

A

Systolic Murmur, LV hypertrophy to LV failure; angina, syncope, fatigue, hypotension, decreased peripheral pulses

45
Q

Aortic Regurgitation

A

diastolic murmur, bounding peripheral pulses, LV hypertrophy/dilated

46
Q

Dx of Valve Problems

A

Cardiac ausculation, Chest Xray, Echocardiography, Trans-esophageal echocariography, electrocardiography, coronary angiography, MRI, Doppler ultrasound

47
Q

Rx for Valve Problems

A

digitalis, diuretics, anticoagulants, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

48
Q

Valvulotomy

A

commissurotomy; surgical incision to open stenosis, make bigger

49
Q

Valvuloplasty

A

widening valve using a balloon

50
Q

Valve Replacement

A

natural (shorter lasting, no clots), cadaver, artificial/mechanical (last longer, have blood clots)

Patho Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions