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Exam 6 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart

A

Mediastinum

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2
Q

3 membranes enclosing the heart

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium or epicardium
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3
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth epithelial tissue

Lines the 4 chambers of the heart, valves of the heart, and blood vessels to prevent abnormal clotting

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5
Q

Coronary Arteries consist of:

A
  • Arteries and Capillaries that circulate oxygenated blood throughout the myocardium
  • Veins that return deoxygenated blood to the RA via coronary sinus
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6
Q

Papillary Muscles

A
  • Columns of myocardium
  • Contract with rest of ventricular myocardium
  • This contraction pulls on the chordae tendinae to prevent hyperextension of the AV valves during ventricular systole
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7
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation and Filling

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8
Q

Systole

A

Contraction & Emptying

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9
Q

RA receives deoxygenated blood from the:

A
  • Superior Vena Cava via the upper body

- Inferior Vena Cava via the lower body

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10
Q

Blood from the RA flows through the:

A

Tricuspid valve and into the RV

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11
Q

Backflow is prevented during ventricular systole by the:

A

Tricuspid Valve (AV Valve)

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12
Q

RV pumps the blood through the:

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs via pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Backflow into the RV during ventricular systole is prevented by the:

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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14
Q

LA receives oxygenated blood from the:

A

Lungs via the 4 pulmonary veins

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15
Q

Blood from the LA flows through the:

A

MItral valve (bicuspid valve) in the LV

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16
Q

Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood?

A

RA

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17
Q

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood?

A

LA

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18
Q

Which chamber pumps deoxygenated blood?

A

RV

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19
Q

Which chambers pumps oxygenated blood?

A

LV

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20
Q

Coronary Sinus function

A

Bring deoxygenated blood back to the RA from the heart

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21
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System

A

Increased rate of heart contraction and ensures the heart beats as a unit

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22
Q

1st heart sound “lubb” is caused by:

A

Mitral and Tricuspid (AV) valves closing

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23
Q

Where is the 1st heart sound best heard?

A

5th intercostal space at apex of heart

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24
Q

2nd heart sound “dupp” occurs when:

A

The Pulmonic and Aortic semilunar valves close at the end of systole (a contraction)

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25
Q

Where is the 2nd heart sound best heard?

A

Right 2nd intercostal space

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26
Q

S3 Heart Sound

A

Slosh ing in

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27
Q

S4 Heart Sound

A

A Stiff Wall

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28
Q

Electrical Conduction System

Automatic:

A

Cells have ability to initiate impulse automatically

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29
Q

Electrical Conduction System

Excitability:

A

Cells response to an electrical stimulus

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30
Q

Electrical Conduction System

Conductivity:

A

Cell’s ability to transmit an electrical impulse to another cardiac cell

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31
Q

Electrical Conduction System

Contractility:

A

Cell’s ability to contract after receiving a stimulus

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32
Q

Cardiac Cycle takes how long:

A

8 seconds

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33
Q

A complete heartbeat:

A

Atria contract while ventricles relax

Ventricles contract while atria relax

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34
Q

Equation for Cardiac Output

A

CO = HR x SV

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35
Q

Healthy heart pumps out about ___% of the blood present in the ventricles.

A

60%

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36
Q

Preload

A

Stretching of the heart chamber to accommodate incoming blood

Tension experienced by the heart prior to contraction

Volume of blood returned to heart through vena cava into the heart

37
Q

Afterload

A

Work required to:

  • Open aortic valves
  • Eject blood volume into chamber
38
Q

Contractility

A

Forcefulness with which the heart beats

39
Q

What 3 drugs are given when patient has HF?

A

Digitalis
-Acts like Vagus nerve giving the heart a stronger heart beat
Epinephrine and Thyroxin
-Increase the HR

40
Q

Hypocalcemia has what action on the heart?

A

Depresses the heart

41
Q

Hypercalcemia causes what?

A

Prolonged contractions making it possible for the heart to stop completely

42
Q

Hypokalemia causes what?

A

Causes:

  • The heart to beat feebly
  • Abnormal heart rhythms
43
Q

Hormones of the Heart

A

Epinephrine
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

44
Q

Epinephrine does what to the heart?

A

Increases HR

Dilates coronary vessels

45
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulated blood levels of K+ and Na+

Helps keep S1S2

46
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

Hormone secreted by atrium of heart
Increases:
-Excretion of Na+ by kidneys
-Inhibition of aldosterone

47
Q

BP is regulated by:

A

Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors

48
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure MAP

A

Perfusion seen by organs in the body

If MAP falls significantly low for a period of time then the organs experience a decrease in blood flow

49
Q

Normal MAP

A

70-110

50
Q

MAP of 60 is necessary to:

A

Perfuse coronary arteries, brain and kidneys

51
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A

Decreased BP stimulates kidneys to secrete renin which initiates the renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

Stimulates aldosterone system which increases the reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys

52
Q

Anion (-) is mostly:

A

Chloride

Some HCO3-

53
Q

Cation (+) is mostly:

A

Na+

Some K+, Ca+ and Mg+

54
Q

Cation primarily OUTSIDE of the cell:

A

Na+

55
Q

Cation primarily INSIDE of the cell:

A

K+

56
Q

Troponin I

A

Cardiac specific
Rises 3 hours after you have an MI
Peaks in 14-18 hours
Returns to normal in 5-7 days

57
Q

Troponin T

A

Cardiac Specific

Rises in 3-5 hours and can be elevated for 21 days

58
Q

CK and CK MB

A

Rises when you have a skeletal muscle injury

59
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Formed by series of chemical reactions that result in formation of netlike structure

60
Q

Netlike structure of blood clot is composed of:

A

Protein fibers called fibrin

61
Q

Stage I of Blood Clot

A

Injury to blood vessel activates clotting factors called Prothrombin Activator (PTA)

62
Q

When does Lovenox take place in blood clotting?

A

Stage I

Blocks formation of activation from Factor X

63
Q

Stage II of Blood Clot

A

In presence of Ca+, platelet chemicals and PTA, prothrombin is activated to form thrombin

64
Q

When does Coumadin take place in blood clotting?

A

Stage II

Prevents formation of prothrombin

65
Q

Stage III of Blood Clot

A

Thrombin activated fibrinogen

Forms the net that forms the clot

66
Q

When does Heparin take place in blood clot?

A

Stage III

Blocks fibrinogen conversion to fibrin

67
Q

Heparin

A

Secreted by our mast cells

Acts as an anticoagulant by removing thrombin from the clotting process

68
Q

Mast Cells

A

Basophils that are concentrated in liver and lungs

69
Q

Prehypertension Values

A

120-139

80-89

70
Q

Stage I Hypertension Values

A

140-159

90-99

71
Q

Stage II

A

160+

100+

72
Q

Glomerusclerosis

A

Hardening of the filtration apparatus of the kidneys

73
Q

Most common results from HTN

A

CAD
Blindness
Stroke

74
Q

Check what labs for oral anticoagulants?

A

PT and INR

75
Q

PT Values

A

Normal = 10 seconds

With treatment = 15-22 seconds

76
Q

INR Values

A 
Normal = 0.8 - 1.2 
Therapeutic = 2-3
77
Q

Check what labs for SQ anticoagulants?

A

aPTT and Platelet count

78
Q

aPTT Values

A

Normal = 25-35
Therapeutic = 1.5-2.5 x greater than normal
- 35-60
Critical = >70

79
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Cardiac muscle is deprived of O2

Increased workload on the heart

80
Q

Angina Pectoris Symptoms

A 
**Pain is relieved by rest**
L arm pain 
Intrascapular back pain 
Pain (heaviness, tightness, squeezing, viselike) 
Dyspnea
Anxiety
81
Q

Unstable Angina Symptoms

A

Unexpected CP occurs at rest
More severe
Similar to those of am MI
Nitro relieves the symptoms (but not an MI)

82
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Decreased blood flow to the heart muscle secondary to coronary arteries narrowed by fatty buildup

83
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Occlusion of a major CA or one of its branches with subsequent necrosis of a myocardium

About 30 minutes before complete ischemia of the heart

84
Q

MI Symptoms

A 
**Pain not relieved by rest, position, or nitro**
"Elephant standing on chest feeling*
*Indigestion type feeling at first* 
Heavy pressure in center of chest 
Cardiac rhythm changes 
Pallor 
Hypotension; shock 
SOB; dizziness; weakness
Fever; diaphoresis
85
Q

MONA

A

Used for MI

  • Morphine
  • O2
  • Nitro
  • Aspirin
86
Q

FAB FOUR

A

Used for unstable angina

  • Antiplatelet
  • Statin
  • ACEI
  • BB
87
Q

Pulmonary Embolus

A

Piece of thrombus breaks off and travels through the blood to the lungs and becomes wedged in an artery

Can also be caused by fat in the marrow of a broken bone, air bubbles, and part of a tumor

88
Q

Pulmonary Embolus Symptoms

A

Sudden onset of dyspnea
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Crackles; friction rub

Exam 6 (6 decks)

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