cardiac Flashcards
v tach
abnormal heart rhythm; when ventricles serve as pacemaker of the heart
left sided heart failure
blood backs up into the lungs
left sided heart failure characteristics
crackles
dyspnea
decreased O2 sat
S3 is common
right sided heart failure
fluid backs up into the body
right sided heart failure characteristics
edema in extremities
jugular vein distention
S3
systolic murmur
causes of coronary artery disease
ischemia
infarction
coronary artery disease (CAD) treatments
angioplasty
CABG
S1
closure of AV valves
heard best at apex
beginning of systole
S2
closure of semilunar valves
heard best at base
beginning of diastole
S3
vibration heard when blood passively flows into ventricle
heard AFTER S2
heard best at apex
may be normal in young adults/athletes
may indicate CHF
S4
vibration heard when blood is ejected into the ventricle from atrial contraction
heard immediately BEFORE S1
heard best at apex
may indicate CAD, HTN
systolic murmur
separates S1 & S2
lub-swish-dub
diastolic murmur
before OR after S1 & S2
swish-lub-dub/lub-dub-swish
which side of the stethoscope do you use to hear a pericardial friction rub?
diaphragm
pericardial friction rub
pericardium inflamed due to pericarditis
murmur intensity grading scale
1-6
valve disease
acquired or congenital disorder characterized by stenoic valve (does not open completely) or incompetent valve (does not close completely)
account for most acquired VHD
rheumatic fever
endocarditis
treatments for coronary artery disease
stents
CABG
angina pectoralis
chest pain due to ischemia of myocardium
what causes coronary artery disease?
atherosclerosis
what can diagnose CAD?
heart cath
stress test
CAD symptoms
chest pain [squeezing, suffocating]
radiating pain
heart sounds distant
thready pulse
congestive heart failure
when either ventricle fails to pump blood efficiently into aorta or pulmonary arteries
left sided heart failure symptoms
pulmonary edema
fatigue
SOB
orthopnea
dyspnea on exertion
right sided heart failure symptoms
elevated jugular vein
dependent peripheral edema
weight gain
heart failure treatments
diuretics
lifestyle modifications
hypertension meds
ACE-Inhibitors
beta-blockers
calcium-channel blockers
diuretics
can diagnose heart failure
BNP
chest x-ray
echocardiogram
ejection fraction
what is extremely important to know in present health status of a pt?
if they take oral contraceptives
bruit
auscultated murmur outside the heart
thrill
palpable blood flow outside the heart
ideal magnesium & potassium
2 x 4
vascular disease
a condition that affects the arteries and/or veins by affecting blood flow by blocking or weakening the vessels or by damaging the valves found in veins
vascular disease causes
atherosclerosis
thrombus
inflammation
trauma/injury
claudication
pain with walking
raynaud’s disease
smaller arteries supplying blood to the skin limiting blood circulation to affected areas
raynaud’s disease symptoms
cold
numb
cyanotic skin
pallor skin
test used for circulation
allen’s test
acute arterial occlusion
pain
pallor
pulselessness
emergency!!!
chronic arterial insufficiency
claudication
weak or absent pulse
losss of hair
cool, pale skin
thick toenail
ulcers= painful & dry
chronic venous insufficiency
aching, cramping pain
strong, present pulses: may be more bounding
marked edema
pigmentation: ruddy
thick skin
ulcers= not painful
deep vein thrombosis
blood clot forms in leg unilaterally
pain, redness, edema
test to check for deep vein thrombosis
homan’s sign
which lymph nodes do you palpate during examination?
eppitrochlear
inguinal
aneurysm
a localized blood-filled balloon-like bulge in arterial wall caused by weakness in vessel wall
most common type of aneurysm?
abdominal aortic aneurysm
thrombophelitis
inflammation of the vein that may or may not be accompanied by a clot
thrombophelitis causes
triad of venous stasis
damage to inner layer of veins
hypercoagulability
when does peripheral vascular pressure fall to its lowest?
when the ventricles are filling, diastole
the anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels is called the
precordium
apical pulse location
mid clavicular line line at 5th intercostal space
The nurse assesses a hospitalized adult client and observes that the client’s jugular veins are fully extended. The nurse contacts the client’s physician because the client’s signs are indicative of
increased central venous pressure
what part of the stethoscope do you use when auscultating heart sounds?
bell & diaphragm
potential cause of jugular venous pressure
constrictive pericarditis
right sided HF
tricuspid stenosis
superior vena cava syndrome
