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Fuel Metabolism 2016 > carbs > Flashcards

carbs Flashcards

1
Q

lumen of small intestine (enzyme and digestion)

A

pancreatic amylase from cck, (neutral pH from secretin) oligo->disaccharide

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2
Q

brush border of small intestine

A

disacc picked up spit out as monosacc

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3
Q

brush border transporters 2

A

SGLT1 GLUT5. actively transports monos into cells using energy from na gradient

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4
Q

basolat glut transporter in small intestine

A

2, high capacity and low affinity (super sensitive) facillitated diffusion into blood,

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5
Q

GLUT2 properties

A

liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine, depends on glucose gradient, glucose flows in during fed state and out during fast

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6
Q

insulin dependent transporter and tissues

A

GLUT4, mobilized from vesivcles in fat skeletal and cardiac muscle

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7
Q

GLUT in blood and brain

A

1 AND 3, high affinity, ensures constant supply even at low glucose level

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8
Q

how does hyperglycemia result in complications during diabetes

A

aldol reductase similar to GLUT2, too much glucose causes sorbitol prod, causes accumulation and osmotic effect leading to tissue damage

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9
Q

frequency of glycogen branching

A

8-10 glucose units

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10
Q

energy required for glycogen synthesis per glucose

A

2 high energy phosphate bonds

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11
Q

what is activated glucose and why the need for pyroPO4

A

trap glucose in cell with a form that as sufficient energy to make a1-4 bond, PPi is used to couple rxn

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12
Q

insulin promotes __ by __

A

fuel storage by dephosphorylation

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13
Q

glucagon/epi promote __ by __

A

Fuel mobilization by phosphorylation

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14
Q

cAMP and glycogen

A

phosphorylates glycogen synthase through PKA, inactivating it

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15
Q

epi to beta activates

A

cAMP

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16
Q

epi to alpha activates

A

Ca2+

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17
Q

where is glucose entry insulin dependent

A

adipose and muscle

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18
Q

four compounds requiring galactose

A

glycoproteins glycolipids proteoglycans breast milk

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19
Q

difference in galactosemia between galactokinase and uridyl transferase deficiency

A

uridyl transferase def. results in buildup of galactose1po4, causing buildup of galactitol

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20
Q

how does HFI result in hypoglycemia even with sufficient glycogen stores?

A

Not enough phosphate to break glycogen down because it is backed up in fructose metabolism

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21
Q

toxic intermediate in etoh metab

A

acetaldehyde

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22
Q

how does disulfiram(antabuse) work

A

competitive inhibitor of ALDH, keeps acetaldehyde in the blood leading to increased hangover

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23
Q

how does fomepizole work

A

competitive inhibitor of ADH (like ethanol) for antifreeze poisoning

24
Q

what are the fates of pyruvate

A

acetyl co a, lactate, alanine, oxaloacetate

25
what is the link between glycolysis and tca
pyruvate deghydrogenase complex
26
coenzymes of PDH
CoA, NAD, FAD, Lipoic acid, Thiamine
27
why would lactate or alanine accumulate
defect in converting to acetyl coa or oxaloacetate because pyruvate lactate and alanine are freely interconvertable
28
what is beri beri
thiamine deficiency in diet
29
how would treatment for genetic PDH deficiency differ from environmental
slowly give glucose to genetic, cannot handle large amounts
30
what is arsenic poisoning
destroys the functionality of lipoic acid, making acetyl coa from PDH and pentose phosphate
31
function of pentose phosphate
make nucleotides and nadp, recycling pentose phosphates back to glyceraldehyde-3-po4 in RBCs
32
committed step in pentose po4 path
(G6P dehydrogenase) oxidation of G6P Gluconolactone, making NADPH
33
thiamine deficiency rbcs diagnosed from
reduced transketolase activity
34
four tissues where pentose phosphate is especially prominent
liver, adrenal, WBC, RBC
35
why are antimalarials a no for people with G6P dehydrogenase deficiency
not enough NADPH to deal with increased ROS, causing anemia
36
two ways NADPH protects RBCs
MetHB reductase, glutathione reductase (takes care of peroxide)
37
how do phagocytes use NADPH
killing bacteria with free radical generation
38
two molecules linking tca with respiratory chain
malate dehydrogenase, complex 2
39
key regulated enzyme in tca
isocitrate dehydrogenase
40
example of anapleoric rxn
pyruvate carboxylase: used to make oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis, can be shunted for tca
41
three sources of blood glucose
glycerol lactate amino acids - especially alanine (leucine and lysine cant)
42
what is the cori cycle
cycles lactate from muscle to liver and glucose back to muscle
43
four unique enzymes to gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK, f16bpase, g6pase`
44
where is pyruvate caboxylase
mitochondria
45
where are gluconeogenic enzymes localized
liver and kidney
46
what does f26bp do
promote glycolysis inhibit gluconeogenesis
47
what happens with b vitamin deficiency
decrease in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
48
mcardles disease and treatment
muscle isozyme of glycogen phosphorylase, limit strenuous activity and eat carbs before exercise
49
deficient glycolytic enzyme leading to hemolytic anemia
pyruvate kinase (leads to the accumulation of 2,3-BPG, which decreases the O2 affinity for Hemoglobin)
50
GLUT 5 importance
fructose channel, Na independent, brush border of intestine,
51
what does insulin do in the liver
induce synthesis of glucokinase
52
what does insulin do in muscle
push GLUT4 receptors to cell surface
53
what is McArdles diesease
disease of muscle glycogenolysis
54
why is hfi more severe than essential fructosuria
hfi has phosphorylated fructose trapped in cells, also degrades atp and phosphate stores in liver, preventing glycogenolysis leading to hypoglycemia
55
what is von gierkes disease
deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase
56
what is hers disease
glycogen phosphorylase deficiency in liver

Fuel Metabolism 2016 (6 decks)

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