carbs Flashcards
what are carbohydrates made up of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what are the functional groups of carbohydrates?
carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl groups
what is the molecular formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
what is the general formula for monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n where n = 3/4/5/6/7
what are 3 important uses of monosaccharides
energy sources to produce ATP during cellular respiration
building blocks to synthesise larger carbs
raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules
what are the 2 groups a carbonyl group could be?
aldehyde group (H-C=O) or a ketone group (C=O)
aldehyde groups are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids so do-monosaccharides are strong reducing agents
what is an anomeric carbon?
carbon that is bonded to TWO oxygen atoms
where does the hydroxyl group bonded to anomeric carbon lie in alpha glucose?
the hydroxyl group lies below the plane of the ring
where does the hydroxyl group bonded to anomeric carbon lie in beta glucose?
the hydroxyl group lies above the plane of the ring
how are disaccharides formed?
two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond during a condensation reaction resulting in the loss of a water molecule
what is a glycosidic bond?
the bond formed between the anomeric carbon of one sugar unit and another carbon on the other sugar unit
what are the TWO ways hydrolysis (break down) of a disaccharide can occur?
- incubation with dilute acid at 100C
- incubation with an enzyme
what are the monosaccharides that make up maltose, sucrose and lactose?
maltose: glucose + glucose
sucrose: glucose + fructose
lactose: glucose + galactose
what monomer is starch made up of
ONLY alpha glucose
starch consists of unbranced amylose and branced amylopectin, both of which are made up of glucose
what monomer is amylose made up of and what bond are involved?
alpha glucose
alpha (1,4) glycosidic bonds