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Chemistry > Carboxylic Acids And Esters > Flashcards

Carboxylic Acids And Esters Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group for carbocylic acids?

A

COOH

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2
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

COOR

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3
Q

What is the functional group for acyl chlorides?

A

CO-Cl

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4
Q

What is the functional group for acid anhydrydes?

A

OC-O-CO

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5
Q

What is the functional group for amides?

A

CO-NH2

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6
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2nOH

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7
Q

Name 4 derivatives of carboxylic acids

A

Esters
Acyl chlorides
Amides
Acid anhydryde

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8
Q

Describe the melting points, solubility and acidity of carboxylic acids

A

High melting and boiling points- due to hydrogen bonding between molecules
Low Mr carboxylic acids are soluble in water- form hydrogen bonding with water
Weak acids- only partially dissociate (donate H+ ions) in water

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9
Q

Describe the test for carboxylic acids

A

Add sodium carbonate
If carboxylic acids are present, effervescence will be seen due to carbon dioxide

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10
Q

What is the general formula of esters?

A

CnH2nO2

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11
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction in whoch two molecules join together with the elimination of a small molecule

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12
Q

What are the reagents and conditions of the preparation of esters using carboxylic acids and alcohols?

A

Reagents- concentrated H2SO4
Heat

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13
Q

What are the conditions for the preparation of esters using
Alcohol and acid anhydrides?

A

Heat

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14
Q

What are the conditions for the preparation of esters using
Alcohol and acyl chlorides?

A

Room temperature

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15
Q

State three ways in which esters can be prepared using alcohol

A

Carboxylic acid and alcohol
Acyl chloride and alcohol
Acid anhydryde and alcohol

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16
Q

Compare the boiling points and solubility of esters and carboxylic acids

A

Esters have a lower bp and are less soluble than carboxylic acids as they do not form hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Name four uses of esters

A

Perfumes
Sweets
Solvents
Plasticisers

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18
Q

What is aspirin?

A

An ester of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid

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19
Q

How can aspirin be manufactured? What else does this reaction produce?

A

By reacting ethanoic anhydide with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. This also produces ethanoic acid

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20
Q

When manufactoring esters, why is ethanoic anhydride used instead of ethyl chloride?

A

It is less corrosive
Safer, as it produces ethanoic acid instead of HCL which is corrosive
Cheaper
Doesnt react with water as easily

21
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breaking of bonds using water

22
Q

What are the reactants, products and conditions for the acid hydrolysis of esters?

A

Reactants- ester and water
Products- carboxylic acid and alcohol
Conditions- heat reflux with dilute H2SO4

23
Q

What are the resctants, products snd conditions for the alkaline hydrolysis of esters?

A

Reactants- esters and NaOH
Products- alcohol and Na salt of carboxylic acid
Conditions- heat reflux, dilute NaOH

24
Q

How can a carboxylic acid be obtained after the alkaline hydrolysis of esters?

A

By reacting the sodium salt with an acid

25
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A triester of glycerol and fatty acids

26
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solid at room temp, as they contain saturated fatty acids
Oils are liwuid at room temp, as they contain insaturated fatty acids

27
Q

Wha5 is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids only contain single bonds between carbons, unsaturated contains double bonds

28
Q

What are the conditions, reactants and products of the alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides?

A

Reactants- triglyceride, 3NaOH
Products- glycerol, sodium salts of fatty acids
Conditions- heat reflux

29
Q

What can the products of the hydrolysis of triglycerides be used for?

A

The sodium sakts of fatty acids can be used as soaps

30
Q

What is biodiesel?

A

A mixture of methyl esters of long chain carboxylic acids

31
Q

How can buodiesel be manufactured? And what are its conditions?

A

By reacting methanol with vegetable oil (triglyceride) in the presence of a catalyst- KOH.

32
Q

What is the name for the manufacturing of biodiesel?

A

Trans Esterification

33
Q

Out of alcojols. Aldehydes and carboxylic acids, which has the highest boiling point? Why?

A

Catboxylic acids as they form stronger hydrogen bonds between molecules that require more energy to be overcome

34
Q

What is acylation?

A

Where an acyl group is introduced to another molecule

35
Q

What is an acyl group?

A

A group with the formula R-C=O
-X

36
Q

What are acid derivatives, give two examples

A

Acid derivatives are molecules with acyl groups
Acyl chloride and acid anhydrides

37
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor

38
Q

Are carboxylic acids or acid derivatives more reactive?

A

Acid derivatives are more reactive, due to the polarity of their carbonyl group.
They react with nucleophiles

39
Q

What type opf reaction is the hydrolysis of acyl chloride? What are its products?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination
Produces HCl and carbocylivc acids. This produces a solution with a low pH

40
Q

What are the reagents and observations with the hydrolysis of acyl chlorides?

A

Reagents- water
Observations- HCl gives off steamy fumes

41
Q

What are the products of reacting ammonia with acyl chlorides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces amides and HCl
Nucleophilic additiopn elimination

42
Q

What are the products of reacting alcohols with acyl chlorides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces esters and HCl
Nucleophilic addition elimination

43
Q

What are the products of reacting primary amines with acyl chlorides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces amides and HCl
Nucleophilic addition elimination

44
Q

What are the products of reacting water with acid anhydrides, what is the type of reaction and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces two carboxylic acids
Hydrolysis reaction with nucleophilic addition elimination

45
Q

What are the products of reacting ammonia with acid anhydrides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces a carboxylic acid and amide
Nucleophilic addition elimination reaction

46
Q

What are the products of reacting primary amines with acid anhydrides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces an amide and carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic addition elimination

47
Q

What are the products of reacting alcohol with acid anhydrides, and what is the mechanism?

A

Produces an ester and carbocyliuc acid
Nucleophilic addition elimination reaction

48
Q

Why are nucleophilic addition eliminatiopn reactions with acid anhydrides better than with acyl chlorides?

A

Acyl chlorides produce HCl wi]hich is very corrosive, whereas acid anhydrides produce carboxyli acids, whioch are much less corrosive

Chemistry (12 decks)

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