Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Question 1

List in order of reactivity, from highest to lowest, the derivatives of carboxylic acids

Answer 1

Acyl Chlorides
Anhydrides
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Amides

Question 2

List in order of acidity from highest to lowest, ethanoic acid, water, phenol, ethanol, benzoic acid

Answer 2

Benzoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Phenol
Water
Ethanol

Question 3

How can benzoic acid be made from methylbenzene

Answer 3

oxidise with acidified potassium manganate

Question 4

How can a carboxylic acid be made from a nitrile

Answer 4

Adding water and dil.HCl

Question 5

How can esters be made

Answer 5

In a reversible reaction adding a carboxylic acid and alcohol in a reversible reaction in the presence of a H2SO4 catalyst and heat
OR
By adding an acyl chloride and an alcohol forming HCl as a by-product

Question 6

How can an ester be returned to its alcohol and acid

Answer 6

Using acid hydrolysis

Question 7

How can an ester be returned to its alcohol and salt

Answer 7

Using alkaline hydrolysis

Question 8

What are the properties of esters

Answer 8

low boiling point
insoluble in water
sweet smelling

Question 9

Name four ways of making anhydrides

Answer 9

Acid + salt
acid + acid
acid + acyl chloride
acyl chloride + salt

Question 10

Name 2 properties of anhydrides

Answer 10

easily hydrolysed
neutral
useful reagents

Question 11

How can you make an amide from a carboxylic acid

Answer 11

add ammonia and heat

Question 12

How do you decarboxylate a carboxylic acid

Answer 12

Use soda lime and heat

Question 13

How do you make an ester with a carboxylic acid

Answer 13

Add an alcohol in conc. H2SO4

Question 14

How do you make an acyl chloride from a carboxylic acid

Answer 14

Add PCl5

Question 15

How do you test for a carboxylic acid

Answer 15

Add sodium hydrogencarbonate and observe effervescence

Question 16

How do you make an anhydride from a carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Add a carboxylic acid or carboxylate salt

Question 17

How do you reduce a carboxylic acid

Answer 17

Add lithium-tetrahydroaluminate in ether

Question 18

What happens when you add ammonia to an acyl chloride

Answer 18

You create an amide with HCl as a by-product

Question 19

What happens when you add water to an acyl chloride

Answer 19

You create a carboxylic acid and HCl

Question 20

What happens when you add an acyl chloride to phenol

Answer 20

you create an ester of phenol and HCl

Question 21

What happens when you add NaOH to an amide

Answer 21

You create a carboxylic acid and ammonia

Question 22

What happens when you add HCl to an amide

Answer 22

You create a carboxylic acid and NH3Cl

Question 23

What happens when you add lithium-tetrahydroaluminate to an amide in ether

Answer 23

You create an amine

Question 24

Name two properties of amides

Answer 24

Not alkaline

Small amides are soluble

Question 25

How are amides named

Answer 25

Multiple substitutions on the nitrogen add the use of N at the beginning of the name and the length and number of chains after eg, N-dimethylpropanamide