carbonyl Flashcards
why do the nucleophiles add to the carbon
because the C=O is polarised
protons adjacent to the carbonyl group are relatively ____
acidic
the more carbonyl groups adjacent to the C-H bond the more ____
acidic
increased substitution of starting material, leads to ___
increased stability of carbonyl compound
increased substitution of of hydrate product, leads to ____
deceased stability of hydrate (increased steric hindrance)
what makes water a better nucleophile
using a base as a catalyst
what solvent is organometallic reactions carried out in and why
THF , because they readily react with water/alcohols/H+ which destroy the organometallic
what is a hemiacetal group
one OH and one OR group
draw the mechanism to from a hemiacetal with EtOH
draw the mechanism to from a hemiacetal with EtOH, in acid catalyst
draw the mechanism to from a hemiacetal with EtOH, in base catalyst
how do you create an acetal
treating a hemiaccetal with further cool and catalytic acid
draw the mechanism to form an acetal from a hemiacetal
acetal formation is only possible under ____ conditions
acidic
draw the mechanism for the reverse reation from a hemiacetale back to a carbonyl - acid cat
what drives a acetal product
adding excess alcohol and/or removing water as it is made
what drives a aldehyde/ketone product
adding excess H2O or H+
draw the mechanise for the formation of a cyclic acetal
draw the mechanism for the reverse of the formation of a cyclic acetal
what is an imine
has a C=N
draw the mechanism for imine formation
what do you make when you react primary amines with aldehyde/ketones
imine
what do you make when you react secondary amines with aldehyde/ketones
enamine
draw the mechanism for enamine formation
