Carbon Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of cycloalkanes?

A
  • They are saturated hydrocarbons ( C-C single bonds)
  • Insoluble
  • Used for fuels and solvents
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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.

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3
Q

What is the lowest number of carbon atoms possible in a cycloalkane?

A

3 carbon atoms, called cyclopropane

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of chemicals that have similar chemical properties and the same general formula. (eg: alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids).

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5
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are a homologous series that contain carbon atoms joined together by single bonds, which are surrounded by hydrogen. They are hydrocarbons.

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6
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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8
Q

Are alkanes insoluble?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is an unsaturated bond?

A

C to C double bond.

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10
Q

Name the first eight members of the alkane series.

A

Methane CH₄, ethane C₂H₆, propane C₃H₈, butane C₄H₁₀, pentane C₅H₁₂, hexane C₆H₁₄, heptane C₇H₁₆, octane C₈H₁₈.

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11
Q

In homologous series’, what happens to the melting / boiling point as the size of the molecule increases?

A

As the size of the molecule increases, the melting / boiling point increases.

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12
Q

What are isomers?

A

They have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

(eg: butane C₄H₁₀ and 2-methylpropane C₄H₁₀)

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13
Q

What are the properties of alkenes?

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons (contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms)
  • Names end in -ene
  • Double bond can be anywhere in the carbon chain
  • Insoluble in water
  • Can be used to make polymers and alcohols
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14
Q

What is the general formula of the alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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15
Q

How do you name branched alkanes?

A

1) Draw out full structural formula.

2) Look for longest chain of carbon atoms.

3) Which side is the branch closest to and call the starting carbon C₁.

4) Give the other carbons in the chain positions.

5) See what position the branch is on and give a prefix.

If there is 1 C in the branch, methyl
2 C in the branch, ethyl etc.

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16
Q

What is the name of this branched alkane: CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃.

A

2, 4 - dimethylhexane

17
Q

Name the first 3 members of the cycloalkanes series

A

Cyclopropane - C₃H₆
Cyclobutane - C₄H₈
Cyclopentane - C₅H₁₀

18
Q

How do you name alkenes?

A

1) Look for the longest continuous chain - name it after the corresponding alkane, (eg: ethane, but-1-ene) etc

2) Give the double bond a position, eg: position 2

3) The position of the double bond goes inside the name, eg: pent-2-ene

4) If a branch is present, give it a position from the side the double bond is closest to.

19
Q

How can you tell an alkene apart from an alkane / cycloalkane?

A

You test for unsaturation.

An alkene decolourises bromine water.

Bromine water remains red / orange when placed into an alkane / cycloalkane.

20
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A very long chain molecule, made up of thousands of smaller molecules, called monomers.

Monomers are alkenes.

21
Q

How do you name a polymer?

A

Put the word ‘poly’ in front of the monomer’s name.

eg: ethene → (poly)ethene

   vinylchloride → (poly)vinylchloride
22
Q

How do monomers react?

A

Addition polymerisation

23
Q

How do you draw a section of a polymer?

A
  1. Draw three monomers.
  2. Move the side atoms so they line up vertically.
  3. Connect them and add side bonds with brackets at the ends.
24
Q

What does it mean when alkenes are unsaturated?

A

More atoms can be added to them

25
Q

What are the 3 addition reactions?

A
  • alkene + hydrogen —> alkane
  • alkene + halogen —> dihaloalkane
  • alkene + water —> alcohol