Carbon Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of cycloalkanes?

A
  • They are saturated hydrocarbons ( C-C single bonds)
  • Insoluble
  • Used for fuels and solvents
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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.

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3
Q

What is the lowest number of carbon atoms possible in a cycloalkane?

A

3 carbon atoms, called cyclopropane

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of chemicals that have similar chemical properties and the same general formula. (eg: alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids).

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5
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are a homologous series that contain carbon atoms joined together by single bonds, which are surrounded by hydrogen. They are hydrocarbons.

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6
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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8
Q

Are alkanes insoluble?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is an unsaturated bond?

A

C to C double bond.

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10
Q

Name the first eight members of the alkane series.

A

Methane CH₄, ethane C₂H₆, propane C₃H₈, butane C₄H₁₀, pentane C₅H₁₂, hexane C₆H₁₄, heptane C₇H₁₆, octane C₈H₁₈.

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11
Q

In homologous series’, what happens to the melting / boiling point as the size of the molecule increases?

A

As the size of the molecule increases, the melting / boiling point increases.

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12
Q

What are isomers?

A

They have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

(eg: butane C₄H₁₀ and 2-methylpropane C₄H₁₀)

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13
Q

What are the properties of alkenes?

A
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons (contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms)
  • Names end in -ene
  • Double bond can be anywhere in the carbon chain
  • Insoluble in water
  • Can be used to make polymers and alcohols
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14
Q

What is the general formula of the alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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15
Q

How do you name branched alkanes?

A

1) Draw out full structural formula.

2) Look for longest chain of carbon atoms.

3) Which side is the branch closest to and call the starting carbon C₁.

4) Give the other carbons in the chain positions.

5) See what position the branch is on and give a prefix.

If there is 1 C in the branch, methyl
2 C in the branch, ethyl etc.

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16
Q

What is the name of this branched alkane: CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃.

A

2, 4 - dimethylhexane

17
Q

Name the first 3 members of the cycloalkanes series

A

Cyclopropane - C₃H₆
Cyclobutane - C₄H₈
Cyclopentane - C₅H₁₀

18
Q

How do you name alkenes?

A

1) Look for the longest continuous chain - name it after the corresponding alkane, (eg: ethane, but-1-ene) etc

2) Give the double bond a position, eg: position 2

3) The position of the double bond goes inside the name, eg: pent-2-ene

4) If a branch is present, give it a position from the side the double bond is closest to.

19
Q

How can you tell an alkene apart from an alkane / cycloalkane?

A

You test for unsaturation.

An alkene decolourises bromine water.

Bromine water remains red / orange when placed into an alkane / cycloalkane.

20
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A very long chain molecule, made up of thousands of smaller molecules, called monomers.

Monomers are alkenes.

21
Q

How do you name a polymer?

A

Put the word ‘poly’ in front of the monomer’s name.

eg: ethene → (poly)ethene

   vinylchloride → (poly)vinylchloride
22
Q

How do monomers react?

A

Addition polymerisation

23
Q

How do you draw a section of a polymer?

A
  1. Draw three monomers.
  2. Move the side atoms so they line up vertically.
  3. Connect them and add side bonds with brackets at the ends.
24
Q

What does it mean when alkenes are unsaturated?

A

More atoms can be added to them

25
What are the 3 addition reactions?
- alkene + hydrogen —> alkane - alkene + halogen —> dihaloalkane - alkene + water —> alcohol
26
How can you identify an alcohol?
- Identified by **-ol** at the end of the name - Contains a **hydroxyl group** (-OH) - Alcohols begin with **methanol** as it has **single** bonds
27
How do you name alcohols?
1. Identify the **longest chain** 2. Prioritise **OH** functional group 3. Identify **branches**
28
What are uses of alcohols.
- Used as **solvents** - Used in cleaning products as they are **good solvents** and they **evaporate quickly** - Can be used as **fuels**
29
What are some trends seen with alcohols?
- As the **chain length increases**, the **flammability decreases** - Alcohols are soluble in water and forms solutions but as the **chain length increases**, the **solubility decreases** - **melting and boiling point increases** as **carbon length increases** as there are **stronger intermolecular forces**.
30
What is a source of error for measuring heat energy emitted by an alcohol?
**Heat energy** loss to surroundings
31
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
32
How can you identify a carboxylic acid?
- Has the **-COOH** functional group, the **carboxyl** group - Names end in ‘**-oic acid**’
33
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH
34
How do you name branched carboxylic acids?
1. Identify **Carbon 1**; the **COOH** functional group and name from there 2. Find **longest chain** 3. Identify which carbon(s) have **branch(es)**
35
What are the physical and chemical properties of carboxylic acids?
- As they increase in size, their **melting and boiling points** increase due to **stronger intermolecular forces**. - **ONLY** methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic and butanoic acid are **miscible** with water, meaning they can **mix** with water. Thereafter, the **solubility decreases** as **size increases**.
36
What are uses of carboxylic acids?
- preservatives, soaps and medicines - ex: **vinegar**is a **solution of ethanoic acid**. It’s used in household products because it’s non-toxic.