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National 5 Chemistry > Bonding + Formulae > Flashcards

Bonding + Formulae Flashcards

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1
Q

How many electrons can each energy level hold?

A

1st energy level: 2 electrons max.
2nd, 3rd and 4th energy level: 8 electrons max.

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2
Q

What is the electron arrangement of Chlorine (Cl)

A

2)8)7

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3
Q

What do elements in the same group have in common?

A

The same number of outer electrons

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4
Q

What makes Group 8 elements different to the other ones?

A

Group 8 elements have a full outer energy level and are chemically stable, where as Groups 1-7 are not.

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5
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond exists between non-metals only. These non-metals become stable by sharing electrons.

Note: make sure you know your petal diagrams

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6
Q

What is the shape of a 2 atom molecule? Eg: Cl₂

A

Linear

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7
Q

What is the shape of a 3 atom molecule? Eg: H₂O

A

Angular/V-Shaped

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8
Q

What is the shape of a 4 atom molecule? Eg: NH ₃ / ammonium

A

Trigonal Pyramidal

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9
Q

What is the shape of a 5 atom molecule? Eg: CH₄ / methane

A

Tetrahedral

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10
Q

What can covalent substances be classified as?

A

Molecules or networks

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11
Q

What are the properties of covalent substances?

A

They are insoluble and they do not conduct electricity (except Cgraphite).

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12
Q

What do covalent molecules generally have

A

A low m.pt/b.pt

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13
Q

Why do covalent molecules have a low m.pt and b.pt

A

The have weak intermolecular forces

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14
Q

Why do covalent networks have a high m.pt and b.pt

A

They have strong bonds

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15
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Ionic bonding exists between metals and non-metals. Ionic compounds transfer electrons and they have strong bonds (electrostatic force of attraction)

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16
Q

For metals to become stable in an ionic bond, what will they do?

A

Metals will always lose electrons to become stable.

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17
Q

What will non-metals do in an ionic bond to become stable?

A

Non-metals will always gain electrons to become stable.

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18
Q

When an atom gains/loses electrons, what are they called

A

An ion

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19
Q

How would you write the ionic compound of Sodium and Chlorine

A

Na⁺Cl⁻

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20
Q

What do we call the structure of an ionic compound?

A

An ionic lattice

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21
Q

The chemical formulas of ionic and covalent compounds DO NOT show the amount of atoms inside it. So, what do they show?

A

A ratio of each atom.

22
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A

Most are soluble in water and form an aqueous solution.

Generally, they have high melting and boiling points.

Solid at room temperature.

Ionic compounds are colourless, unless they contain a transition metal.

23
Q

Do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

A

Ionic solids do not conduct electricity.

Ionic solutions (ie: when dissolved in water) - do conduct.

Ionic “melts” (ie: when compounds is melted into liquid and becomes molten) - do conduct.

24
Q

What is the definition of electricity?

A

Electricity is the flow of electrically charged particles.

25
Q

What are the charged particles of electricity in metals?

A

Electrons

26
Q

What are the charged particles of electricity in ionic compounds?

A

Ions

27
Q

Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid?

A

The ions are not free to move because they are held in place by strong bonds.

28
Q

Why do ionic compounds conduct when they are a solution or a “melt”?

A

Ions are free to move

29
Q

Give the ionic formula for magnesium oxide.

A

Mg²⁺O²⁻⁻

30
Q

Give the formula for magnesium chloride.

A

MgCl₂

31
Q

Give the formula for aluminium oxide.

A

Al₂O₃

32
Q

What is the definition of valency?

A

VALENCY: this is the number of electrons an atom needs to lose / gain to become stable.

33
Q

What is the valency of Group 1 elements?

A

1

34
Q

What is the valency of Group 2 elements?

A

2

35
Q

What is the valency of Group 3 elements?

A

3

36
Q

What is the valency of Group 4 elements?

A

4

37
Q

What is the valency of Group 5 elements?

A

3

38
Q

What is the valency of Group 6 elements?

A

2

39
Q

What is the valency of Group 7 elements?

A

1

40
Q

What is the valency of Group 8 elements?

A

0

41
Q

What is the formula for magnesium fluoride?

A

MgF₂

42
Q

What are the rules for making a formula?

A

Symbols

Valency

Swap (if different)

Divide (if possible)

Formula

43
Q

Give the formula for aluminium carbonate

A

Al₂(CO₃)₃

44
Q

Give the formula for ammonium sulfate.

A

(NH₄)₂SO₄

45
Q

How will the valency of a transition metal be given?

A

As a Roman numeral. (ex: I, IV, VII)

46
Q

Give the formula for iron(III) chloride.

A

FeCl₃

47
Q

Give the formula for nickel(II) sulfate.

A

NiSO₄

48
Q

Dihydrogen oxide

A

H₂O

49
Q

phosphorous pentachloride

A

PCl₅

50
Q

Nitrogen dioxide

A

NO₂

51
Q

Dichromium heptaoxide

A

Cr₂O₇

National 5 Chemistry (5 decks)

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