Carbohydrates: Study Flashcards
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
Carbohydrates are classified into which four categories?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
What are examples of monosaccharides?
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
What are examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
What is the normal blood glucose range for normoglycemia?
4.0 to 4.5 mmol/L
What is the primary energy source for the CNS?
Glucose
What is the glycemic index (GI)?
A figure representing the ability of a carbohydrate food to increase the level of glucose in the blood.
What characterizes a high glycemic index food?
GI > 70
List examples of high GI foods.
- White bread
- Sports drinks
What is the role of carbohydrates during sports performance?
Plays a major role in exercise and sport
What happens to hepatic glucose production on a high carbohydrate intake?
Halted because blood glucose is raised high enough
What are the final products of carbohydrate digestion?
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Where does carbohydrate absorption occur?
Small intestines
What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?
Does not require ATP
What are the key glucose transporters and their primary tissues?
- GLUT-1: Erythrocytes, Neurons
- GLUT-2: Liver, Pancreas, Small Intestines, Kidneys
- GLUT-3: Brain
- GLUT-4: Insulin sensitive cells (muscle, heart, adipose tissue)
- GLUT-5: Jejunum
What is glycogenesis?
Addition of one glucose unit at a time to glycogen molecules
What is the initial substrate for glycolysis?
Glycogen/Glucose
What metabolic process occurs in red blood cells?
Glycolysis
What is the net ATP yield from one cycle of glycolysis?
2 ATP
What are the products of the TCA cycle?
- NADH x 3
- FADH x 1
- GTP
What is the total energy yield from the TCA cycle?
12 ATP
What happens to lactate during anaerobic metabolism?
Can be converted into pyruvate and utilized for energy
What is the importance of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism?
Regulates blood glucose levels
Fill in the blank: The larger the rise in blood glucose, the higher the _______.
Glycemic Index
