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NUTR 302 (Test #1) > Carbohydrates (Section 1) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (Section 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How many kcal/g of CHO?

A

4

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2
Q

Approximately how much of the human diet comes from CHO?

A

50-60%

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3
Q

Of all the CHO consumed in the human diet how much is simple carbs & how much is complex?

A

50% / 50%

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4
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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5
Q

What are the 3 Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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6
Q

What are the 3 Polysaccharides?

A

Starch (amylose, amylopectin)
Cellulose
Glycogen

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7
Q

Sucrose is made of units of?

A

Fructose & Glucose

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8
Q

Lactose is made of units of?

A

Galactose & Glucose

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9
Q

Maltose is made of units of?

A

Glucose & Glucose

(x2 units of glucose)

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10
Q

Ribose is a ___ Carbon chain molecule and is found where?

A

5Carbon - found in DNA/RNA

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11
Q

What are Oligosaccharides & what are they made up of?

A

Complex CHO made of combinations of glucose, galactose, and fructose.

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12
Q

What makes Oligosaccharides unique compared to other simple or complex CHO?

A

Digested by bacteria in the gut (fermentation)

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13
Q

Polysaccharides contain which types of glycosidic bonds how are the structured?

A

a1-4 - Linear
a1-6 - Branched
b1-4 - Linear

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14
Q

Amylose (starch) makes up approximately how much of the polysaccharides found in the body?

A

15-20%

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15
Q

What enzyme opens the a1-4 bound found in Amylose?

A

Amylase

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16
Q

Amylopectin is different from Amylose in through what primary function?

A

It is manufactured with the intent of conserving storage space.

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17
Q

Amylopectin accounts for roughly how much of the polysaccharides found in the body?

A

80-85%

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18
Q

Amylopectin contains which two glycosidic bonds and what are the enzymes that open each one?

A

a1-4 bond (Amylase)
a1-6 bond (Isomaltase)

19
Q

Glycogen is known as the ______ form of polysaccharides in animals?

A

Storage

20
Q

Why does Cellulose (polysaccharide) goes largely unabsorbed?

A

It’s bonds (b1-4) are resistant to human enzymes and is utilized by bacteria in the fermentation process.

21
Q

What sugar is the only sugar to get absorbed via “facilitated diffusion”

A

Fructose

22
Q

Fructose is absorbed faster or slower than glucose?

A

Slower

23
Q

Fructose absorption can be enhanced when combined with?

A

Glucose and/or Galactose

24
Q

Glucose enters other cells via facilitated diffusion by the action of what hormone?

A

Insulin

(skips portal circulation & goes straight to cellular uptake)

25
Q

Which sugars are taken up by liver cells freely through portal circulation & what form do they enter downstream metabolic pathways?

A

Galactose & Fructose

> Enter metabolic pathways as a glucose derivative.

26
Q

What are the 4 major pathways of CHO Metabolism?

A

Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

What is the function of Glycogenesis?

A

Making of Glycogen (from excess glucose)

28
Q

What is the function of Glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen

29
Q

What is the function of Glycolysis?

A

Oxidation of glucose into Pyruvate

30
Q

What is the function of Gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of glucose from noncarbohydrate intermediates

31
Q

What is the function of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt?

A

Production of 5-carbon monosaccharides and NADPH

32
Q

What is the function of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle?

A

Oxidation of pyruvate and acetyle CoA

33
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

Liver & Muscle

34
Q

What is the irreversible step of glycogenesis?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP (and other substrates) to produce: G-6-P

35
Q

What 2 enzymes are used to kickstart glycogenesis and where do the originate from?

A

Hexokinase (muscle)
Glucokinase (liver)

36
Q

Glycogenolysis as the reverse pathway of Glycogenesis converts what into what?

A

Glycogen > Glucose

37
Q

In Glycogenolysis, G-1-P is isomerized into what?

A

G-6-P

38
Q

Glycolysis is the act of converting glucose into what & where does it occur?

A

Glucose > Pyruvate

(occurs in the cytoplasm)

39
Q

What is step 1 of Glycolysis?
(Glucose into what?)

A

Glucose > (enters cell & is phosphorylated) > G-6-P

(requires ATP)

40
Q

What is step 2 of Glycolysis?
(G-6-P into what?)

A

G-6-P > (Phosphoglucose Isomerase) > F-6-P

41
Q

What is step 3 of Glycolysis?
(F-6-P into what?)

A

F-6-P > (phosphorylated) > F-1,6-Bisphosphatase

Rate Limiting Enzyme: PFK

42
Q

What is step 4 of Glycolysis?
(F-1,6-Bisphophatase into what?

A

F-1,6-Bisphphatase > (cleaved: aldolase) > G3-P

43
Q

What is step 5 of Glycolysis?
(G3-P into what?)

A

G3-P > (phosphorylated: G3-P Dehydrogenase) > PEP

44
Q

In the final steps of Glycolysis, ADP is phosphyorylated into what and yields what?

A

ADP > ATP ; yields Pyruvate

NUTR 302 (Test #1) (7 decks)

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