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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates Metabolism (HMP Shunt) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Metabolism (HMP Shunt) Flashcards

1
Q

HMP Shunt end product

A
  1. NADPH+H
  2. Ribose
  3. 2 Fructose - 6 - phosphate
  4. 1 Glyceraldehyde - 3 -phosphate
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2
Q

HMP Shunt (Pentose phosphate pathway)

A
  1. Alternative way for oxidation of glucose without production of energy
  2. Anabolic pathway that utilizes 6 Carbons of Glucose to generate 5 Carbon sugars and reducing equivalents (NADPH+H)
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3
Q

HMP Shunt site

A

Cytoplasm of liver adipose tissues, RBCs, adrenal cortex, ovaries, testis, retina, and lactating mammary glands

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4
Q

HMP Shunt will not occur in …

A

During dry periods and in non-lactating mammary glands

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5
Q

HMP Shunt phases

A

Oxidative → Irreversible
Non Oxidative → Reversible

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6
Q

HMP Shunt oxidative phase

A

Glucose - 6 - phosphate → 6-Phophogluconoulactone → 6-Phophogluconate → Ribulose - 5 - phosphate

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7
Q

Ketose substance

A

Ribulose - 5 - phosphate , Xylulose - 5 - phosphate

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8
Q

Aldose substance

A

Ribose - 5 - phosphate

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9
Q

Glucose - 6 - phosphate → 6-Phophogluconoulactone

By … , produce …

A

Dehydrogenase , Mg

NADPH+H

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10
Q

6-Phophogluconoulactone → 6-Phophogluconate

By …

A

Hydrolase , Mg

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11
Q

6-Phophogluconate → Ribulose - 5 - phosphate

By … , extract …

A

Dehydrogenase

NADPH+H , CO2

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12
Q

Ribulose - 5 - phosphate can convert to …… , …..

A

Ribose - 5 - phosphate by isomerase
Xylulose - 5 - phosphate by epimerase

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13
Q

Ribose - 5 - phosphate + Xylulose - 5 - phosphate

A

Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate + Sedoheptulose 7 - phosphate

By TPP , Trasketolase which transport 2C from Ribose to Xylulose

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14
Q

Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate + Sedoheptulose 7 - phosphate

A

Fructose - 6 - phosphate + Eryhtrose - 4 phosphate

By transadolase which transport 1C from Sedoheptulose to Glyceraldehyde

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15
Q

Eryhtrose - 4 phosphate + Xylulose - 5 - phosphate

A

Fructose - 6 - phosphate + Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate

By Trasketolase which transport 1C from Eryhtrose to Xylulose

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16
Q

The key regulatory enzymes in HMP shunt are …

A

glucose-6-phosphate and 6- Phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase

17
Q

HMP Shunt activators

A

Fed state
Glucose high concentration
Insulin
Thyroxine
NADP “Main reason”

18
Q

HMP Shunt inhibitors

A

Starvation
Diabetes mellites
High NADPH+H / NADP ration

19
Q

Functions and metabolic importance of HMP shunt

A
  1. It provides a way or glucose oxidation other than glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle
  2. It can operate to metabolize dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids as well as to rearrange the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates
  3. Production of pentoses
  4. Production of NADPH+H+
20
Q

Tissues must satisfy their own requirement or pentoses since ….

A

dietary pentoses are not utilizable in DNA , RNA and ribose is not a significant constituent of systemic blood

21
Q

Pentoses are used for

A
  1. Nucleic acids, ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for DNA
  2. Coenzymes synthesis, e.g., NADS FAD, COASH
  3. Other free nucleotide Coenzymes , e.g., ATP , GTP
  4. Synthesis or certain vitamins. e.g. , B2, and B12
22
Q

Importance of NADPH+H+

A

a) Synthesis of Fatty acids, Cholesterol, and steroids hormones

b) Synthesis of Non-essential a.a glutamate “reversible glutamate dehydrogenase” , tyrosine from phenylalanine

c) Synthesis of Sphingosine and galactolipids

d) Act as coenzyme for cytochrome P450

e) Reduction of reduced glutathione

23
Q

HMP Shunt other names

A

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

Pentose Shunt

PPP

24
Q

DNA , RNA ribose comes from

A

HMP Shunt

25
Q

NADPH+H+ role in detoxification

A

Act as coenzyme for cytochrome P450 , which hydroxylation the toxic substances

26
Q

Favism is …. deficiency

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

27
Q

How glutathione peroxidase delete H2O2 effect ?

A

2 Reduced glutathione “GSH , HSG” donor 2H ions and with glutathione peroxidase “H2O2 → 2H2O”

And by that , 2 Reduced glutathione “2 GSH” will convert oxidized glutathione “GSSG”

28
Q

GSSG → 2 GSH needs

A

By NADP+H+ which come from
Glucose - 6 - phosphate → 6-Phophogluconoulactone

NADP+H+ will convert to NADP+ by glutathione reductase enzyme

29
Q

Favism symptoms

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Red urine discoloration
  • Jaundice and scleral icterus
  • Headache abdominal pain and generalized weakness
30
Q

Favism treatment

A

Mild case : Recovery “Stop sulfa drugs , Fava beans”
Severe case : Blood Translation

31
Q

Predisosing factors in G-6-PD deficiency

A
  • Sulpha drugs , antimalarial and antipyretic drugs which stimulate the production of H2O2
  • Fava beans: ingestion of fava beans will lead to acute hemolytic anemia as it contains oxidizing agents
  • Severe infection: in viral and bacetrial infections due to release of oxidants from active phagocytes

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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