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AS AQA Biology > Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

Monosaccarides, Disaccardies, Polysaccaradies, lipid Structure, Food Tests

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1
Q

Small identical or similar molecules which can be joined together to make larger molecules called polymers

A

Monomer

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2
Q

The reaction joining monomer units together with the removal of one water molecule

A

Condensation reaction

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3
Q

The addition of one water molecule to break the bond between two monomers

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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4
Q

Sweet tasting, soluble molecules

A

Monosacchardes

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5
Q

The general fomula of a monosaccharide

A

C6H1206

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6
Q

3 monosaccharide examples:

A

. Fructose
. Glucose
. Galactose

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7
Q

2 monosaccharides joined together through a condensation reaction

A

Disaccharide

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8
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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9
Q

Galactose

A

Glucose + Lactose

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10
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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11
Q

Amylose (starch)

A

. Long straight chains of alpha glucose that coilt into a helix
. Carbon 1:4 glycosidic bonds
. Compact - good for storage
. Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
. Large - does not diffuse

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12
Q

Amylopectin (starch)

A

. Branched chains of alpha glucose
. Carbon 1:4 and 1:6 glycosidic bonds
. LSA - fast hydrolysis by enzymes = quick energy release
. Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
. Large - doesn’t diffuse out of cells

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13
Q

Glycogen

A

. Found in liver and muscle cells
. Short branched chains provide LSA so is more easily hydrolysed
. Insoluble - doesn’t affect water potential
. Large - doesn’t diffuse out of cell

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14
Q

Cellulose

A

. Plant cell wall
. Beta glucose in long straight chains
. Every other beta glucose is inverted 180 degrees
. Carbon 1:4 glycosidic bond
. Several chains in layers held together by H bonds formed between OH groups
. Very strong
. The chains make microfibrils which are further wound together to form cellulose fibres - they provide strength and support

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15
Q

Test for carbohydrates

A

Benedict test

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16
Q

Benedict test for reducing sugar

A

. Add equal volumes of sample and Benedict solution
. HEAT
. Brick red precipitate = reducing sugar present

17
Q

Benedict test for non-reducing sugar

A

. Add Hydorchloric acid to the sample
. HEAT
. Neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
. Can then perform a Benedict test

18
Q

Test for unknown concentrations

A

. Carry out a Benedict’s test on known concentrations sugar
. Use a colorimeter to measure the colour of each solution and draw a calibration curve
. Find the concentration of the unknown sample using the calibration curve

19
Q

Test for starch/Iodine test

A

. Add two drops of iodine to the sample

. Blue/black colour = present

20
Q

Test for lipids/emulsion test

A

. A small amount of sample is placed in 2cm3 of ethanol
. The mixture is shaken so the fat dissolves
. Water is added then the mixture is shaken again
. A white cloudy emulsion = present

21
Q

Lipid solubility

A

They are insoluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, acetone and other lipids

22
Q

Name five roles of lipids

A
  1. Make up the membrane
  2. Source of energy
  3. Insulation (heat and electrical)
  4. Protection
  5. Waterproofing
23
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

One molecule of glycerol joined to three fatty acids using an ester bond

24
Q

Saturated

A

All the available bonds are used

25
Q

Unsaturated

A

Not all available bonds are used

26
Q

What does an unstaturated fatty acid mean?

A

The fatty acid chain contains a double bond between the carbon atoms. The molecules can bend so it remains liquid at room temperature

27
Q

How does the triglyceride structure relate to their properties?

A

. They contain a lot of energy due to the high ratio of C-H bonds compared to C-C bonds
. Low energy:mass ratio - good as storage
. Compact - more can be stored in the same place
. Large and insoluble in water - doesn’t effect water potential
. High ratio of H:O - important source of water in desert animals

28
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

A phosphate group, a glycerol and two fatty acid tails

29
Q

How does the phospholipid structure relate to its function?

A

. A hydrophilic head - attracted to water due to the polar nature of the phosphate group
. Hydrophobic fatty acid tails - repelled by water due to the non-polar nature of the tails

AS AQA Biology (14 decks)

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