Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
describe the chemical formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n n=3
what is the most abundant class of biological molecules
carbohydrates
what are carbohydrates primarily formed by
photosynthesis
what are the basic units of carbohdryates known as
monosaccharide
what are 2 types of functional groups of carbohydrates
aldehyde or ketones
what are monosaccharides
simple sugars = monomer
what are disaccharides
2 simple sugars linked by covalent bond
what are oligosaccharides
2 simple to 10 sugars linked by covalent bond
what are polysaccharides
hundreds/ thousands of monosaccharides linked by covalent bond- starch, glycogen, cellulose
name the monosaccharides that contain 3,4,5,6,7,9 carbons
3- triode
4- tetrose
5- pentose
6- hexose
7- heptose
9- nonose
what are the most commonly occurring monosaccharides
fructose
glucose
galactose
what is fructose found in
fruits, vegetables and honey
derived from digestion of sucrose
what is glucose found in
some fruits, vegetables and honey
manufactured foods
digestion and conversion of other carbohydrates
what is galactose found in
digestion of lactose
it is similar to glucose but differs by 1 OH group
what are disaccharides and what is the resulting molecules
covalent bonds between the numeric hydroxyl of a cyclic sugar and the hydroxyl of a second sugar are termed glycosidic bonds
- result molecules are glycosides
what are nutritionally important disachhrairdes
sucrose, lactose and maltose
describe where lactose if found and the bonds found within it
- in milk of mammals
- consists of galactose and glucose in a B-(1-4) glycosidic bond
describe where sucrose is found and what bonds it contains
- table sugar, and sucrose in manufactured foods- derived from sugar cane and sugar beets
- sweet root vegetables such as beetroot and carrot
consists of glucose and fructose in an a-(1,2) glycosidic bond
describe where maltose is found and what bonds it consists of?
- intermediated in the intestinal digestion of glycogen and starch
- malted wheat and. barely- fermented into beer
consists of glucose and glucose in an a(1-4) glycosidic bond
what are oligosaccharides
chains of 3 or more monosaccharides linked together by glysocsidic bonds
what are polysaccharides
high molecular weight polymers
- comprised of multiple monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
- the monomeric building blocks used to generate polysaccharides can be varied
what is the predominant monosaccharide found in polysaccharide
D glucose
( starch,glycogen, and cellulose, are composed of D glucose)
what bond does starch and glycogen
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
what is the major form of stored carbohydrate in plant cells
starch
what is unbranched and branched starch
amylose - unbranched starch
amylopectin - branched starch
what bonds does amylopectin have
alpha 1-6 glycosidic and alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
what is the major form of stored carbohydrate in animals
glycogen