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Biology Mrs Garland > carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

(organic molecules)

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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2
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides- made of one sugar

disaccarides- made of two sugars

polysaccarides- many monosaccarides joined together

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2
Q

what is the formula for carbohydrate

A

(CH20)n

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3
Q

what are some simple sugars

A

fructose and glucose

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4
Q

how do you draw a simple structure of an a-glucose

A
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5
Q

what is the molecular formula for triose

A

C3H603

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6
Q

what are the other types of sugar with 4,5,6 carbons

A

tetrose
pentose
hexose

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7
Q

what is an example of triose,tetrose,pentose and hexose

A

triose- glyceraldehyde
tetrose-threose
pentose-ribose
hexose-glucose

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8
Q

what is the type of reaction called when two monosaccarides join a molecule of water is removed

A

condensation

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9
Q

what is the bond that is formed in a condensation reaction

A

glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what are the isomers of glucose

A

a-glucose, b-glucose

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11
Q

what are other examples of monosaccharides besides glucose

A

fructose and galactose

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12
Q

what makes up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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13
Q

what makes up sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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14
Q

what makes up lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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15
Q

what is glucose used for

A

immediate source of energy for cellular respiration.

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16
Q

where is glucose found

A

vegetables and fruit

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17
Q

what is the biological uses for galactose

A

mostly hydrolysed from the dissaccharide galactose

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18
Q

where is galactose found

A

basic component of many things, being found in milk, tomatoes and many fruits and veg

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19
Q

where is fructose found

A

fruits, honey, sole sugar in bull and human semen. sweetest of all sugars

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20
Q

what is fructose used in

A

confectionary sweeteners.

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21
Q

what is an example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

hydrolysis of maltose, sucrose, lactose

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22
Q

what are the three elements that lipids are made off.

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen

23
Q

sources of lipids in diet

A

nuts
oils
lard
coconut

24
Q

what are the roles of lipids

A

insulation-fats are conductors of heat; help to obtain body heat. Also acts as an electrical insulation.
energy- storage of energy- when oxidised, lipids produce twice as much energy as the same mass of carbohydrate
protection of organs- fat is stored around delicate organs such as kidney.
water proofing- lipids are insoluble in water and therefore good waterproofing.e.g waxy cuticles

25
Q

draw a glyceride

A

look at booklet

26
Q

label the glycerol

A

on the left

27
Q

label the fatty acid

A

on the right

28
Q

how many fatty acids are there on a glyceride

A

3

29
Q

what is the name of the reaction involves in the formation of a triglyceride

A

condensation

30
Q

what is the type of bond involved in the formation of a tryglyceride

A

ester bond

31
Q

what is the difference between an unsaturated and saturated fatty acid

A

unsaturated has a double bond- makes it bend- more liquid air room temp

saturated has no double bond- solid

32
Q

what does an increase in the number of double bonds have on the melting point of a fatty acid

A

more double bods= lower melting point

33
Q

what is a phospholipid made out of

A

hydrophilic head- interacts with water
hydrophobic tail- orients itself away from water

34
Q

what is a polar molecule

A

molecules that have two ends(poles) that behave differently in this way .

35
Q

what shape is a monolayer phospholipid

A

straight line

36
Q

what shape is a micelle phospholipid

A

circle water outside

37
Q

what shape is a bilayered sheet

A

two lines facing towards each other

38
Q

in an aqueous environment phospholipids form what

A

a bilayer within the cell surface membrane due to polar molecules

39
Q

what do hydrophilic heads do

A

help to hold at the surface of the cell-surface membrane.

40
Q

what is the benefits of the phospholipid structure

A

allows them to form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates within the cell-surface membrane.
Glycolipids are important in cell recognition.

41
Q

what makes up glycolipids

A

carbohydrate + phospholipids

42
Q

what is starch made from

A

amylose and amylopectin

43
Q

what is starch used for

A

storage of excess glucose. Also good for storage due to it being insoluble, so it doesn’t affect the water potential, so it doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis- makes them swell.

44
Q

what is amylose

A

a long unbranched chain of alpha glucose. the angles of the glycosidic bond have it in a coiled shape- makes it compact and good for storage

45
Q

what is amylopectin

A

long branded chain of alpha glucose. Sid branches allow glycosidic bonds to be broken easily, making the release of glucose quicker.

46
Q

what test do you use for starch

A

iodine test- add iodine dissolved in potassium iodine solution to the test sample.

sample changes from browny-orange, to blue-black

47
Q

what test do you use for sugars

A

Benedict’s- only mono and disaccharides- reducing sugars.
Add Benedict’s to a sample and heat in water bath.
blue-yellow-brick red.

higher the conc the further the colour change

48
Q

what is the biological use of glycogen

A

main energy storage in animals

49
Q

what is glycogen

A

polysaccaride of alpha glucose- similar to amylopectin, except loads more side branches- stored glucose can be released quickly.

50
Q

what is the biological use of cellulose

A

major component in cell walls, linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibres, cellulose provides structural support.

51
Q

what is cellulose made of

A

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose

52
Q

how are phospholipids different to triglycerides

A

one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group- hydrophilic.
fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

53
Q

why is the hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads important in the cell memrane

A

centre of thew bilayer is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can’t pass through- membrane acts as a barrier

54
Q

what is the test for lipids

A

emulsion test- add ethanol to substance then shaker a minute so it dissolves, then add water.
Lipid will show as a milky emulsion

55
Q

what is the hydrocarbon tails used for in a triglyceride

A

contain lots of chemical energy- energy is released when broken down. Lipids contain twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates

Biology Mrs Garland (4 decks)

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