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Biology Mrs Garland > carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

(organic molecules)

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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2
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides- made of one sugar

disaccarides- made of two sugars

polysaccarides- many monosaccarides joined together

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2
Q

what is the formula for carbohydrate

A

(CH20)n

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3
Q

what are some simple sugars

A

fructose and glucose

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4
Q

how do you draw a simple structure of an a-glucose

A
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5
Q

what is the molecular formula for triose

A

C3H603

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6
Q

what are the other types of sugar with 4,5,6 carbons

A

tetrose
pentose
hexose

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7
Q

what is an example of triose,tetrose,pentose and hexose

A

triose- glyceraldehyde
tetrose-threose
pentose-ribose
hexose-glucose

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8
Q

what is the type of reaction called when two monosaccarides join a molecule of water is removed

A

condensation

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9
Q

what is the bond that is formed in a condensation reaction

A

glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what are the isomers of glucose

A

a-glucose, b-glucose

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11
Q

what are other examples of monosaccharides besides glucose

A

fructose and galactose

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12
Q

what makes up maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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13
Q

what makes up sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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14
Q

what makes up lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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15
Q

what is glucose used for

A

immediate source of energy for cellular respiration.

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16
Q

where is glucose found

A

vegetables and fruit

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17
Q

what is the biological uses for galactose

A

mostly hydrolysed from the dissaccharide galactose

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18
Q

where is galactose found

A

basic component of many things, being found in milk, tomatoes and many fruits and veg

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19
Q

where is fructose found

A

fruits, honey, sole sugar in bull and human semen. sweetest of all sugars

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20
Q

what is fructose used in

A

confectionary sweeteners.

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21
Q

what is an example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

hydrolysis of maltose, sucrose, lactose

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22
Q

what are the three elements that lipids are made off.

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen

23
Q

sources of lipids in diet

A

nuts
oils
lard
coconut

24
what are the roles of lipids
insulation-fats are conductors of heat; help to obtain body heat. Also acts as an electrical insulation. energy- storage of energy- when oxidised, lipids produce twice as much energy as the same mass of carbohydrate protection of organs- fat is stored around delicate organs such as kidney. water proofing- lipids are insoluble in water and therefore good waterproofing.e.g waxy cuticles
25
draw a glyceride
look at booklet
26
label the glycerol
on the left
27
label the fatty acid
on the right
28
how many fatty acids are there on a glyceride
3
29
what is the name of the reaction involves in the formation of a triglyceride
condensation
30
what is the type of bond involved in the formation of a tryglyceride
ester bond
31
what is the difference between an unsaturated and saturated fatty acid
unsaturated has a double bond- makes it bend- more liquid air room temp saturated has no double bond- solid
32
what does an increase in the number of double bonds have on the melting point of a fatty acid
more double bods= lower melting point
33
what is a phospholipid made out of
hydrophilic head- interacts with water hydrophobic tail- orients itself away from water
34
what is a polar molecule
molecules that have two ends(poles) that behave differently in this way .
35
what shape is a monolayer phospholipid
straight line
36
what shape is a micelle phospholipid
circle water outside
37
what shape is a bilayered sheet
two lines facing towards each other
38
in an aqueous environment phospholipids form what
a bilayer within the cell surface membrane due to polar molecules
39
what do hydrophilic heads do
help to hold at the surface of the cell-surface membrane.
40
what is the benefits of the phospholipid structure
allows them to form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates within the cell-surface membrane. Glycolipids are important in cell recognition.
41
what makes up glycolipids
carbohydrate + phospholipids
42
what is starch made from
amylose and amylopectin
43
what is starch used for
storage of excess glucose. Also good for storage due to it being insoluble, so it doesn't affect the water potential, so it doesn't cause water to enter cells by osmosis- makes them swell.
44
what is amylose
a long unbranched chain of alpha glucose. the angles of the glycosidic bond have it in a coiled shape- makes it compact and good for storage
45
what is amylopectin
long branded chain of alpha glucose. Sid branches allow glycosidic bonds to be broken easily, making the release of glucose quicker.
46
what test do you use for starch
iodine test- add iodine dissolved in potassium iodine solution to the test sample. sample changes from browny-orange, to blue-black
47
what test do you use for sugars
Benedict's- only mono and disaccharides- reducing sugars. Add Benedict's to a sample and heat in water bath. blue-yellow-brick red. higher the conc the further the colour change
48
what is the biological use of glycogen
main energy storage in animals
49
what is glycogen
polysaccaride of alpha glucose- similar to amylopectin, except loads more side branches- stored glucose can be released quickly.
50
what is the biological use of cellulose
major component in cell walls, linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibres, cellulose provides structural support.
51
what is cellulose made of
long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
52
how are phospholipids different to triglycerides
one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group- hydrophilic. fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
53
why is the hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads important in the cell memrane
centre of thew bilayer is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can't pass through- membrane acts as a barrier
54
what is the test for lipids
emulsion test- add ethanol to substance then shaker a minute so it dissolves, then add water. Lipid will show as a milky emulsion
55
what is the hydrocarbon tails used for in a triglyceride
contain lots of chemical energy- energy is released when broken down. Lipids contain twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates

Biology Mrs Garland (4 decks)

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