Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Biological molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and they are fundamental cellular components vital for cellular functions

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2
Q

What is a ‘saccharide’?

A

A termed name for a carbohydrate

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3
Q

What are 3 functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Provide a rapid and regular supply of energy for cellular reactions
  2. Form part of important molecules in the cell
  3. Form markers on the cell surface which aid cell recognition
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4
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together (a dimer)

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5
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

A polymer of 3-20 monosaccharides

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6
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A polymer of monosaccharide units linked together

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7
Q

What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, ribose and fructose

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8
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Single sugar molecules providing instant energy

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9
Q

What is a ‘Fischer projection’?

A

A two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection

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10
Q

Give the 3 examples of aldohexose sugars with the same chemical formula

A

Glucose, galactose and mannose

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11
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula and the same order and type of bonds. However, they are non-overlapping mirror images of each other and thus have different spatial arrangements and different biological functions.

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12
Q

What does stereoisomerism require?

A

A chiral carbon centre

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13
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A carbon that has 4 different groups attached to it

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14
Q

How does cyclization occur?

A

The OH group on the second to last carbon reacts with carbonyl group

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15
Q

What is the resulting product for the cyclization of an aldose?

A

A hemiacetal

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16
Q

What is the resulting product for the cyclization of a ketose?

A

A hemiketal

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17
Q

Why are only small amounts of straight chain monosaccharides present in mixtures?

A

Monosaccharides cyclize spontaneously under normal conditions

18
Q

Describe the cyclization of D-glucose

A
  • The cyclic form of D-glucose is D-glucopyranose
  • The OH group can attack the planar C=O group from either side
  • Thus there are two possible hemiacetal products: the alpha and beta anomers of D-glucopyranose
19
Q

Describe the structure and function of glucose

A
  • 7 energy rich C-H bonds which are broken down during cellular respiration
  • Released energy is stored as ATP for use by the cell
  • Primary source for life
20
Q

Describe the structure and function of fructose

A
  • 7 energy rich C-H bonds
  • Forms a furan-based ring structure despite being a hexose
  • An important source of energy
  • Found in fruits, honey, berries and melons
21
Q

What is a furanose?

A

A five membered cyclization product

22
Q

Giver 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

23
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) with the loss of a water molecule and this reaction is aided by biological catalysts (enzymes)

24
Q

How are disaccharide molecules bonded together?

A

Joined at -OH groups by glycosidic links/ bonds

25
Q

What is the primary function of disaccharides?

A

Nutritional source of monosaccharides

26
Q

Describe the structure of maltose

A

Two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4 via an alpha -1,4 glycosidic link

27
Q

How can maltose be generated?

A

The breakdown of starch

28
Q

How is maltose converted into individual glucose monosaccharides

A

Digested by maltase

29
Q

Where is maltase present?

A

Germinating seeds and grain

30
Q

What is maltase metabolised by?

A

Yeast

31
Q

What does maltase metabolism yield?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

32
Q

How is maltase formed?

A
  • Condensation reaction

- 2 glucose molecules combine to form maltose and a water molecule

33
Q

Describe the structure of lactose

A

Glucose and galactose molecules are joined at carbons 1 and 4 via an beta -1,4 glycosidic link

34
Q

Where is lactose produced?

A

Lactating mammals as an energy source for their young

35
Q

How is lactose converted to its constituent monosaccharides?

A

Digested by the enzyme lactase

36
Q

Describe the structure of sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose molecules are joined at carbons 1 and 2 via an alpha -1,2 glycosidic link

37
Q

Where is sucrose abundant?

A

In plants/ sap (especially sugar cane and beet) and plentiful in a Western diet

38
Q

How is sucrose digested into it constituent monosaccharides?

A

Digested by the enzyme sucrase

39
Q

Write the general disaccharide hydrolysis equation

A

Disaccharide (+ water molecule) —-> Monosaccharides

Digested by an enzyme

40
Q

Write the 3 disaccharide hydrolysis equations (including enzymes involved)

A

Maltose –Maltase–> glucose + glucose

Lactose –Lactase–> glucose + galactose

Sucrose –Sucrase–> glucose + fructose