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Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

During periods of hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases the hormone called _____, which stimulates the hydrolysis of glycogen stores in the ____.

A

Glucagon; Liver

*Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1) ESSENTIAL in diet
2) ENERGY YIELDING @ 4kcals per gram
3) MACRONUTRIENT (55-60% daily calories)
4) ORGANIC molecule (contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
5) PROVIDE ENERGY FOR BODY (major function)

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3
Q

What is this a basic structure of?

A

Technically: glucose

Single Sugar Molecule

*ringlike structure

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4
Q

What is the only digestible form of carbohydrates and why?

A

Single Sugar Molecules/Monosaccharides for proper absorption

e.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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5
Q

-sacchardie means

A

sugar molecule

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6
Q

Family of Carbohydrates

A

1) Simple Carbohydrates
2) Complex Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Simple Carbohydrates

A

Made up of 1 or 2 sugar molecules

also known as sugars

a. monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule)
1) Glucose
2) Fructose
3) Galactose
b. disaccharides (2 sugar molecules)
- made up of 2 monosaccharides; one of which is always a glucose molecule
1) Sucrose (Fructose + glucose)
2) Maltose (Glucose +glucose)
3) Lactose (glucose +galactose)

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8
Q

Complex Carbohydrates

A

made up of three or more sugar

a. polysaccharides
1. Starches
2. Glycogen
3. Fiber

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9
Q

Glucose

A
  • type of monosacchardie/simple carbohyrate
  • digestible form
  • MOST IMPORTANT CHO USED IN THE BODY
  • hextose

*blood sugar; rarely found in food as a monosaccharide; usually a disaccharide

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10
Q

Fructose

A
  • Pentose
  • Sweet tasting of the monosaccharides
  • digestible form
  • simple carbohydrate/monosaccharide
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11
Q

Galactose

A
  • simple carbohydrate; monosaccharide
  • rarely found in food as a monosaccharide; usually as a disaccharide
  • Hextose
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12
Q

Sucrose

A

fructose + glucose

eg. table sugar

simple carbohydrate; disaccharide

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13
Q

Maltose

A

simple carbohydrate; disaccharide

glucose + glucose

usually found when starch is broken down

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14
Q

Lactose

A

simple carbohydrate; disaccharide

glucose + galactose

found in milk products

only sugar produced by mammals

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15
Q

Polysaccharide definition

A

large molecules of monosaccharide chains

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16
Q

Starches

A

energy storage for plants

complex carbohydrate; polysaccharide

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

energy storage in human body

complex carbohydrate; polysaccharide

18
Q

FIber

A

non-digestible carbohydrate

complex carbohydrate/polysaccharide

19
Q

Starches

(Function, Sources, Structure, Digestion)

A

*complex carbohydrate; polysaccharide

Function: storage of CHO in plants

Sources: Grains, starchy vegetables, legumes

Structure: single or slight branching chains of glucose

Digestion: Broken down into monosaccharides then absorbed

20
Q

Glycogen

(function, structure, storage, sources)

A

Function: storage form of CHO (glucose) in the body

Structure: Glycogen molecules in highly branched chains

Storage: muscle (hoards glycogen) and liver (shares glycogen)

Sources: found only in meats in only limited amounts

21
Q

Why are glycogen molecules highly branched?

A

rapid release of energy/glucose

-can only remove glucose at the tips of brnaches thats why highly branched chain is important; need energy quickly; perfect structure

22
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Building glucose (monosaccharide) to glycogen uses the condensation reaction

*Glycogen is the body storage of energy

23
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

breaking down glycogen to glucose uses the hydrolysis reaction

24
Q

Fiber

(Structure, Sources, Classifications, Properties)

A

Structure: non starch polysaccharides; bonds cannot be broken down by human enzymes

Sources: found in structural part of plant products

Classifications: Soluble and Insoluble

Properties: High Water Binding Capacity; Provides Bulk, Binds to nutrients, intweferes with nutrient absorption

25
Q

Fiber

Action—-> Benefit

A

1) Binds to bile ——–> lowers blood cholesterol
2) Delays GI tract—–> keeps you full longer by slowing gastric emptying
3) Delays STARCH digestion; Slows GLUCOSE absorption—> assists in blood sugar control
4) Bind to water (forms gel)—> keeps stools moist to help prevent constipation
5) increase GI transit (w/ increased bulk moves contents faster)—> less water reaborbed in colon helps prevent constipation; lower risk of GI diseases

26
Q

Fiber in GI tract

A

Mouth

-mechanical action and saliva moisten

Stomach

  • no fiber digestion
  • delays gastric emptying (fullness)

Small intestines

  • no digestion
  • binds to bile preventing reabsorption (bile made of cholesterol)
  • delays absorption and hydrolysis of CHO (glucose)

Large intestines

  • regulates bowles by maintaining stool moisture and providing bulk for GI muscles
  • speeds up GI transit to excrete toxins from body (decrease risk for disease)
  • some fiber broken by bacterial enzymes to gas and fatty acids
27
Q

Digestion of Starch

A

Mouth

  • Starch —-> Polysaccharides
    (enzyme: Salivary Amylase)

Stomach

-no digestin due to decreased enzyme activity

Small Intestines

​-Polysaccharides–> disaccharides

(Enzymes: Pancreatic Amylase)

-Disacchardie—> Monosaccharide

(Enzyme: Brush Border Enzymes e.g. lactase, sucrase, maltase)

-Absoprtion takes place; enters vascular system

28
Q

Absorption of Monosaccharides

A

*enters vascular ssytem

1) monosaccharides, the end products of carbohydrate digestion, enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi
2) travel to liver via the portal vein
3) in the liver, galactose and fructose can be converted to glucose

29
Q

Energy Metabolism

A

Liver will decide what to do

1) if energy not needed (excess), it is stored as glycogen in the liver or sent out into the blood to be stored in the muscles
2) if needed, it is ransported to the cell via bloodstream then cells convert glucose into usuable energy

30
Q

Actual form of energy is called

A

ATP

31
Q

Carbohydrate Concerns

A

Lactose Intolerance

Blood regulation

CHO Recommendations

32
Q

Lactose Intolerance

(definition and symptoms)

A

low lactase (enzyme) to digest lactose (sugar)

*Lactose enters large intestine, attracts water, increased bacterial action leads to gas

(*bacteria like sugar)

Symptoms: abdominal discomfort, bloating, flatulence (gas), diarrhea

33
Q

Diet for Lactose Intolerance

A

NOT NECCESSARY TO AVOID MILK

1/2 cup of milk okau (6 g lactose)

  • increase milk gradually and have it with other foods
  • spread consumption throughout the day
  • try fermented milk products such as yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese
34
Q

Regulation of Blood sugar by _____ and __________

A

Insulin and Glycagon

35
Q

Regulation of blood sugar…

A

1) when a person eats, blood glucose rises
2) high blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release INSULIN
3) Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose into cells and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscle

*Insulin also stimulates conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage

4) as body cells use glucose, blood levels decline
5) low blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release GLUCAGON into blood stream
6) Glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blod
7) blood glucose begins to rise

36
Q

Problems with blood sugar regulations

A

—> Diabetes = insufficient insulin

IDDM (Type 1 “Juvenile Onset”)

NIDDM (Type 2 “Adult Onset”)

Managing diabetes: balance activity with balanced diet

Complications: Atherosclerosis to Heart disease; blindness; amputations due to Gangrene; Kidney Disease Dialysis

37
Q

Health Reccomendations for Carbohydrates and Fiber

A

Carbohydrates: 55-60% diet

Fiber: 11.5g Fiber/1000 k cals or 25-35 g/day

38
Q

High blood glucose

A

stimulates pancreas to release insulin

39
Q

Insulin helps

A

lower blood sugar levels

40
Q

what increases blood sugar levels

A

Glucagon

41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Break down

42
Q

What hormone brings glucose out of storage

A

epinephrine

Nutrition (6 decks)

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