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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell, tissue, or the whole body

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Synthesis of compounds from smaller raw materials

A

Anabolic

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3
Q

Breakdown of larger molecules

A

Catabolic

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4
Q

Catabolic pathway produces reducing equivalents and ATP mainly via

A

Respiratory chain

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5
Q

Crossroads of metabolism

Between anabolic and catabolic pathways

A

Amphibolic

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6
Q

Second messenger of Glucagon

A

cAMP

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7
Q

Second messenger of ANP and Nitric Oxide

A

cGMP

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8
Q

Second messenger of Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor

A

Tyrosine Kinase

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9
Q

Second messenger of Glucocorticoids, Thyroid hormones

A

Intracellular

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10
Q

Protein Kinase of cAMP

A

Protein Kinase A

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11
Q

Second messenger of IP3/DAG

A

Protein Kinase C

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12
Q

Second messenger of cGMP

A

Protein Kinase G

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13
Q

Most abundant organic molecules in nature
Major energy source
Storage form of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

The sugar units are linked together by

A

Glycosidic bond

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15
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides (Hexoses

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose

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16
Q

Main metabolic fuel for tissues

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Oxidation of glucose yields

A

Glucuronic acid

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18
Q

Reduction of glucose yields

A

Sorbitol

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19
Q

Carbohydrate obtained from fruit juices

A

Fructose

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20
Q

Carbohydrates obtained from lactose in dairy products

A

Galactose

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21
Q

Constituents of glycoproteins

A

Mannose

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22
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides (Pentoses)

A

Ribose
Ribulose
Xylulose

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23
Q

Structural component of nucleic acids and coenzymes

A

Ribose

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24
Q

Intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway

A

Ribulose

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25
Q

Excreted in the urine in essential pentosuria

A

Xylulose

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26
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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27
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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28
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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29
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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30
Q

May be excreted in the urine in pregnancy

A

Lactose

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31
Q

Intermediate in the digestion of starch

A

Maltose

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32
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Inulin

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33
Q

Storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

Most important dietary carbohydrate in cereals, potatoes, legumes, and other vegetables

A

Starch

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35
Q

Chief constituent of plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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36
Q

Used to determine glomerular filtration rate

A

Inulin

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37
Q

Identify the GLUT: Requires insulin

A

GLUT 4

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38
Q

Identify the GLUT: Brain and RBC

A

GLUT 1

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39
Q

Identify the GLUT: Liver and Pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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40
Q

Identify the GLUT: Absorption of fructose in small intestine by facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT 5

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41
Q

Identify the GLUT: Adipose tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

GLUT 4

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42
Q

Identify the GLUT: Brain, Kidney, Placenta

A

GLUT 3

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43
Q

Major pathway for glucose metabolism that converts glucose into 3 carbon compounds to provide energy

A

Glycolysis

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44
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytosol

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45
Q

Substrate of glycolysis

A

Glucose

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46
Q

End products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of either pyruvate or lactate

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47
Q

Rate limiting step of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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48
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis

A

Glucose to Glucose 6 phosphate

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49
Q

Step 3 of Glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation of Fructose 6 phosphate

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50
Q

Step 10 of Glycolysis: Formation of Pyruvate

A

Phosphoenolypyruvate to Pyruvate by enzyme Pyruvate Kinase

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51
Q

Due to mutations that decrease the activity of glucokinase

A

Maturity onset diabetes of the young yype 2

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52
Q

Asymptomatic
Hyperglycemia is commonly discovered during routine screening
Majority of the these patients do not require treatment, except during pregnancy

A

Maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2

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53
Q

Pentavalent arsenic competes with inorganic phosphate as a substrate for glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

A

Arsenic Poisoning

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54
Q

Leads to thiamine deficiency due to poor diet and because alcohol inhibits thiamine absorption

A

Chronic Alcoholism

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55
Q

Chronic Alcoholism may cause potentially

A

Fatal pyruvic and lactic acidosis

56
Q

End product of Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

Lactate

57
Q

End product of Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

58
Q

Type of Glycolysis: NADH is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

59
Q

Identify the enzyme: Pyruvate —> Lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

60
Q

______ is seen in vigorous exercise, septic shock, and cancer cachexia

A

Lactic acidosis

61
Q

Type of Glycolysis: NADH cannot pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane, and thus requires shuttles for transport

A

Aerobic Glycolysis

62
Q

Identify the enzyme: 1,3 BPG —> 2,3 BPG

A

Biphosphoglycerate mutase

63
Q

Identify the enzyme: Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

64
Q

Identify the enzyme deficiency in Glycolysis with clinical presentation of Hemolytic Anemia

A

Aldolase A, Pyruvate Kinase

65
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate Kinase

66
Q

Identify the enzyme deficiency in glycolysis with clinical presentation of low exercise capacity, esp. on high carbohydrates diets

A

Muscle phosphofructokinase

67
Q

Provide lipids as alternative fuel

A

Muscle phosphofructokinase

68
Q

Most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis; Treat with ketogenic diet

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

69
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

A

Citric Acid Cycle

70
Q

Major pathway for formation of ATP

A

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle/TCA

71
Q

Where does Citric Acid Cycle occur?

A

All cells with mitochondria (Mitochondrial matrix)

72
Q

Substrate of Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

73
Q

What are the products of Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 CO2
1 GTP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

74
Q

Citric Acid Cycle: Which step is rate-limiting?

A

Isocitrate–>a-ketoglutarate

Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase

75
Q

It is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, in order to prevent hypoglycemia during a fast

A

Gluconeogensis

76
Q

End product of Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose

77
Q

Rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 -biphosphatase

78
Q

Important steps of Gluconeogenesis

A

Steps 1&2: Pyruvate–>OAA–>PEP
Oxaloacetate–>Phosphoenolpyruvate

Step 9: Fructose 1,6 BP –> Fructose 6-P

Step 11: Glucose-6-Phosphate –> Glucose

79
Q

Synthesis of glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

80
Q

Branched polymer of a-D-glucose

A

Glycogen

81
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

Liver and muscle

82
Q

What is the substrate of Glycogenesis

A

a-D-glucose

83
Q

What is the product of Glycogenesis

A

Glycogen

84
Q

Rate limiting step of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

85
Q

Protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted

A

Glycogenin

86
Q

Elongation of glycogen chains

A

Glycogen synthase

87
Q

Shortening of glycogen chains

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

88
Q

Well feed

A

Dephosphorylated

89
Q

Fasting

A

Phosphorylated

90
Q

Mobilizing stored glycogen

A

Glycogenolysis

91
Q

Substrate of Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen

92
Q

Products of Glycogenolysis

A

Glucose in liver

Glucose-6-phosphate in muscle

93
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

94
Q

Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency

A

Von Gierke disease

95
Q

Increased glycogen in liver

Severe hypoglycemia

A

Von Gierk Disease

96
Q

Lysosomal acid maltase deficiency

A

Pompe disease

97
Q

Increased glycogen in lysosomes

A

Pompe disease

98
Q

Clinical features of Pompe disease

A

Juvenile onset: Heart Failure

Adult onset: Muscle dystrophy

99
Q

Debranching enzyme deficiency

A

Cori disease

100
Q

Branching enzyme deficiency

A

Andersen disease

101
Q

Muscl phosphorylase deficiency

A

McArdle syndrome

102
Q

Liver phosphorylase deficiency

A

Hers disease

103
Q

Identify the enzyme: Galactose -> Galactose 1-P

A

Galactokinase

104
Q

Identify the enzyme: Galactose 1P + UDP glucose -> UDP galactose + Glucose 1P

A

Galactose 1-P uridyl transferase (GALT)

105
Q

Identify the enzym: UDP-galactose -> UDP-glucose

A

UDP-hexose 4 epimerase

106
Q

Cataracts in early childhood

A

Galactokinase deficiency

107
Q

Treatment of Galactokinase deficiency

A

Eliminate sources of galactose from the diet

108
Q

More severe symptoms

Poor growth in children, severe mental retardation, and liver damage

A

Classic galactosemia

109
Q

Treatment for Classic galactosemia

A

Eliminate sources of galactose from the diet

Newborn screening available

110
Q

Identify the enzyme: Fructose -> Fructose 1-P

A

Fructokinase/Hexokinase

111
Q

Identify the enzyme: 1-P -> DHAP + Glyceraldehyde

A

Aldolase B

112
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Classic Galactosemia

A

Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency

113
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Essential fructosuria

A

Fructokinase deficiency

114
Q

Profound hypoglycemia and vomiting after consumption of fructose or sucrose
Symptoms appear after weaning from milk

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance

115
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Aldolase B deficiency

116
Q

Treatment for Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Eliminate source of fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol from the diet

117
Q

Identify the enzyme: Glucose -> Sorbitol

A

Aldolase reductase

118
Q

Identify the enzyme: Sorbitol -> Fructose

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

119
Q

Flatulence and diarrhea after ingestion of dairy products

A

Lactose intolerance

120
Q

Enzyme deficiency: Lactose intolerance

A

Lactase deficiency

121
Q

Treatment of Lactose intolerance

A

Reduce consumption of milk while eating yogurts and cheeses, broccoli
Use of lactase-treated products or lactase pills

122
Q

Intolerance of ingested sucrose

A

Sucrase isomaltase complex deficiency

123
Q

Treatment of Sucrase isomaltase complex deficiency

A

Dietary restriction of sucrose

124
Q

Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose in the liver

A

Uronic Acid Pathway

125
Q

Main pathway for production of glucoronic and iduronic acid

A

Uronic acid pathway

126
Q

Not possible for guinea pigs and primate because of absence of

A

L-gulonolactone

127
Q

Essential component of glycosaminoglycans

A

Glucoronic Acid

128
Q

Also known as Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

129
Q

Substrate of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Glucose 6 phosphate

130
Q

End products of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

NADPH

Ribose 5 phosphate

131
Q

Required for biosynthesis of nucleotides

A

Ribose 5 phosphate

132
Q

Rate limiting step of PPP

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

133
Q

Most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

134
Q

Precipitating factors: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Infections (most common)
Drugs (sulfonamides, primaquine, chloramphenicol)
Fava beans

135
Q

G6PD pathognomonic sign

A

Heinz bodies

Bite cells

136
Q

Deficiency in NADPH oxidase

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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