Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Organic molecules with the chemical formula Cx(H2O)y.

Question 2

True or False: Generally, carbohydrates are the most abundant compound in foods.

Answer 2

True. Some examples include cereals (excluding beer), starchy roots, sugar and sweeteners, milk (excluding butter).

Question 3

What is a Monosaccharide?

Answer 3

A single unit that is not covalently bonded to another unit.

Question 4

What are examples of Monosaccharides?

Answer 4

Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Question 5

What are Disaccharides?

Answer 5

Two monosaccharide units covalently bonded together.

Question 6

What are examples of Disaccharides?

Answer 6

Sucrose, lactose, maltose.

Question 7

What is Sucrose made of?

Answer 7

Glucose + fructose.

Question 8

What is Lactose made of?

Answer 8

Glucose + galactose.

Question 9

What is Maltose made of?

Answer 9

Glucose + glucose.

Question 10

What are Oligosaccharides?

Answer 10

2-10 monosaccharide units covalently bonded together.

Question 11

What is Raffinose?

Answer 11

Composted of glucose, fructose, and galactose, and available in beans, cabbage, broccoli, etc. It is undigested in the human stomach and upper intestine, and digested in lower intestine by gas producing bacteria.

Question 12

What can help Raffinose be digested?

Answer 12

Soaking beans in water reduces raffinose-type oligosaccharides.

Question 13

What are Polysaccharides?

Answer 13

More than 10 monosaccharide units covalently bonded together.

Question 14

What are examples of Polysaccharides?

Answer 14

Starch (carbohydrate storage in plants), cellulose (carbohydrates of plant cell wall) and glycogen (animal starch).

Question 15

What is the chemical formula of Glucose?

Answer 15

C6H12O12.

Question 16

What is the difference between a-d-glucopyranose and b-d-glucopyraose?

Answer 16

Alpha has the hydride chain on the bottom, and beta has the hydride chain on the top.

Question 17

What are the main differences between glucose and galactose?

Answer 17

The sweetness and how the monosaccharide reacts with other molecules.

Question 18

What is the difference in structure between glucose/galactose and fructose?

Answer 18

Glucose/galactose is a 6-structure ring while fructose is a 5-structure ring (because of the ketone group).

Question 19

Which is sweeter: glucose or fructose?

Answer 19

Fructose.

Question 20

What enzyme converts glucose to fructose?

Answer 20

Glucose Isomerase.

Question 21

What enzymes breaks down sucrose and what are the end products?

Answer 21

Sucrase enzyme breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Question 22

Which is sweeter: sucrose or fructose?

Answer 22

Fructose.

Question 23

What is the major sugar component of dairy milk?

Answer 23

Lactose.

Question 24

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

Answer 24

Lactase enzyme breaks down lactose through hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 25

What is Lactose Intolerance?

Answer 25

The lack of lactase.

Question 26

What is Lactaid milk?

Answer 26

Milk with added lactase enzyme. Sweeter than regular milk because of the glucose and galactose.

Question 27

What is BioBest yoghurt?

Answer 27

Yogurt that is 90% lactose free, and sweeter than regular yoghurt.

Question 28

Where does sugar come from?

Answer 28

Cane sugar (10% sugar) and beet sugar (17% sugar).

Question 29

What is the order of the industrial production of sugar crystals?

Answer 29

1) Sugar beets
2) Juice extraction
3) Juice purification
4) Evaporation
5) Crystallization
6) Recrystallization
7) Refine sugar crystals

Question 30

Order the following from most sweet to least sweet, using the Relative Sweetness Scale:
Lactose, galactose, sucrose, fructose, glucose.

Answer 30

Fructose (140-150), Sucrose (100), glucose (70-80), Galactose (35), Lactose (20).

Question 31

What is High Fructose Corn Syrup?

Answer 31

Corn syrups