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Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

What bond is formed between two monosaccharides in maltose and which monosaccharides are these?

A

α 1-4 glycosidic bond between two α-D- glucose units

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1
Q

What is the structure of α-D-glucose?

A

http://herboristen.wikidot.com/inhoudsstoffen:d-glucose

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2
Q

In α- limit dextrin what bond forms the branched structure?

A

α 1-6 glycosidic bond

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3
Q

What are the main disaccharides in the diet and what bonds are involved?

A

Sucrose- α 1-2 (glucose + fructose)
Maltose- α 1-4 (glucose)
Lactose- β 1-4 (glucose + galactose)

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4
Q

What are the main dietary sources of the disaccharides?

A

Maltose in wheat, lactose in milk/dairy, sucrose in refined sugars

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5
Q

How much sugar is there in the UK diet?

A

103g (total)
38g (milk and intrinsic)
65g (extrinsic)

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6
Q

What are the main sources of starch in the UK diet?

A

Cereal products, vegetables

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7
Q

How much starch in g is eaten by an average person per day in the UK?

A

137g (total available carbohydrate is 240g- starch= around 60% carbohydrate intake)

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8
Q

What is the Atwater factor for carbohydrate?

A

3.75

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9
Q

What are the two main forms of starch found in food and which is more prevalent?

A

Amylose and amylopectin*

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10
Q

What are the nutritional classes of starch?

A

Rapidly digestible
Slowly digestible
Resistant

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11
Q

How much non-digestible (resistant) starch is present in processed food?

A

1-10%

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12
Q

Which enzymes initiate the digestion of starch?

A

α amylase (salivary and pancreatic)

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13
Q

Which enzyme is essential in the breakdown of α limit dextrin?

A

Isomaltase, also known as α dextrinase

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14
Q

Name 3 brush border enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion

A

Isomaltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Glucoamylase

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of classes on carbohydrate that reach the colon

A

Non-starch polysaccharide
Resistant starch
Oligosaccharides
Polyols

16
Q

What energy providing metabolites are formed?

A

Short chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate, propionate)

17
Q

How much energy is derived from dietary fibre?

A

2kcal/g

18
Q

How many bacteria reside in the colon (per g faeces)?

A

100 trillion in large intestine

10^11-10^12 per g of faeces

19
Q

How much does the bacteria in the colon contribute to faecal mass?

A

50% dry weight

20
Q

Give in example of beneficial and one example of pathogenic colonic bacteria

A

Beneficial- bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, eubacteria, anaerobic cocci

Pathogenic- escherichia coli, clostridia, staphylococci, proteus, pseudomonas

21
Q

How much NSP is in the UK diet?

A

14g per day

22
Q

What are the main dietary sources?

A

Cereals and vegetables

23
Q

What is the DRV for NSP and what is the scientific basis of this DRV?

A

18g per day. Should increase stool weight to 100g per day

24
Q

What is the main storage form of carbohydrate in humans?

A

Glycogen

25
Q

Which organs store glycogen?

A

Liver, Muscle

26
Q

How is glycogen “used” by its storage organs?

A

Hydrolysed to glucose to maintain blood sugar levels (liver) and utilised for energy for contraction (muscle)

27
Q

Which hormone controls the formation of stored carbohydrate and which hormone controls the release of glucose from these stores?

A

Insulin

Glucagon/adrenaline

28
Q

Name 2 non-carbohydrate substances that can be converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)?

A

Amino acids
Fatty acids
Lactate

29
Q

What does insoluble fibre do to stool weight and how does is have his effect?

A

Increases stool weight by adding physical bulk

30
Q

What does soluble fibre do to stool weight and how does it have this effect?

A

Increases stool weight by micro floral amplification

31
Q

What are some of the factors that affect glycaemic index?

A 
Physical/chemical properties of food- degree of starch gelatinisation, degree of starch retrogradation, particle size
Starch type
Fibre content
Fat content
Protein content
32
Q

What is the laxative effect of dietary fibre?

A

Increases bulk of stool, decreases transit time, increases stool frequency, treats constipation

33
Q

What is the advantage of dietary fibre increasing the bulk of the stool?

A

Increase water content, softens stool, less straining, reduced abdominal pressure. Decreased pressure minimises risks of haemorrhoid, Harris hernia and diverticulum (weakened muscle wall in large intestine)
Dilutes toxins due to decreases transit time (less time in contact with colonocytes=less reabsorption)

34
Q

What are some of the health benefits of NSP?

A

Reduced risk of colorectal cancer
Reduced CVD
Lowers blood cholesterol
Useful in Diabetics and those who are obese
Reduced abdominal pressure- haemorrhoids, haetus hernia, diverticulum

Nutrition (6 decks)

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