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Topic 1 Biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain

A

O C and H

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2
Q

What is the ration of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate

A

2:1 same as water

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Monomer from which larger carbohydrates can be made

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4
Q

What are the components of a monosaccharide

A

sweet tasting, insoluble, and single sugar molecules

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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6
Q

Describe the formation of the right sided H and OH in an Alpha glucose molecule

A

H on top of OH

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7
Q

Describe the formation of the right sided H and OH in a beta glucose molecule

A

OH on top of H

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8
Q

What is a Disaccharide

A

A double sugar molecule produced by 2 monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

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9
Q

Describe a Condensation reaction

A

Formation of a chemical bond between two molecules which eliminates a water molecule

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10
Q

Describe a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules which adds a water molecule

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11
Q

What reaction adds a water molecule to two molecules

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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12
Q

What reaction eliminates a water molecule from two molecules

A

Condensation reaction

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13
Q

In glucose molecules is it OH H or H OH connected to the top of the 1,2 and 1,3 carbons

A

OH H is

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14
Q

What molecule do two alpha glucose molecules join to make

A

Maltose

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15
Q

What molecule does an alpha glucose molecule and a fructose molecule join to make

A

Sucrose

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16
Q

What molecule does an alpha glucose and a galactose molecule join to make

A

Lactose

17
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reaction

18
Q

Where is starch found

A

In many parts of plants in the form of small granules or large grains

19
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

In the cytoplasm of animal cells as tiny granules. in the liver and some muscles

20
Q

Where is cellulose found

A

In the cell walls of plants

21
Q

What is the function of starch

A

As an energy storage

22
Q

What is the function of glycgogen

A

As an energy storage

23
Q

What is the function of cellulose

A

As a structural support for plant cells

24
Q

What structural features of starch helps it with its function (4)

A

Helical shape - allows it to be more compact and take up smaller volumes

Insoluble-Doesn’t dissolve in water so it has no osmotic effect and can’t dissolve from cells

Large molecule- can’t dissolve from cells

Branched- can be hydrolysed rapidly as the enzymes on free ends so its broken down faster

25
Q

What structural features of glycogen help with its function (3)

A

Compact- so it takes up less volume

Insoluble-Doesn’t dissolve in water so it has no osmotic effect and can’t dissolve from cells

very highly Branched- can be hydrolysed rapidly as the enzymes on free ends so its broken down faster than starch as there are more branches

26
Q

What structural features of cellulose help with its function

A

Many parallel Beta glucose chains linked by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils
This makes cellulose very strong and stable

27
Q

What are the three polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

28
Q

What polysaccharides are made up of Alpha glucose

A

Glycogen and Starch

29
Q

What polysaccharides are made up of Beta glucose

A

Cellulose

30
Q

What is the test for a reducing sugar

A

Put 2cm cubed of food sample in a test tube. if not in liquid form already grind it up to be

Add an equal volume of benedict reageant

Heat the mixture in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes

31
Q

What results should you get for a benedict test

A

Blue-> green-> yellow-> orange-> red

32
Q

What two molecules make up starch

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

33
Q

Describe amylose

A

Polymer of alpha glucose linked by glycosidic bonds between the C1 and C4, Consists of long straight chains which coil to give amylose a spiral shape

34
Q

Describe amylopectin

A

Polymer of alpha glucose linked by glycosidic bonds between the C1 and C6 which result in a compact branched structure

35
Q

Where are the Glycosidic bonds between glucose formed

A

C1 and C4

In beta glucose this means they need to be inverted each time rather than straight chains

36
Q

Describe the iodine test

A

Grind up a food sample and dissolve it in distilled water

Add a few drops of iodine to the solution

over a period of time the colour should become bluey black if starch is present

37
Q

What colour is shown from an iodine test if starch is present

A

Bluey black

Topic 1 Biological molecules (7 decks)

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