Carbohydrates Flashcards
Tell an example of monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
How many sugar units contain monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
1
2-10
>10
Tell an example of disaccharide
Maltose (composed of 2 glucose) (in milk), sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and galactose)
Tell an example of polysaccharide
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Name one ketose and one aldose
Aldose-glucose, ketose- fructose
Tell examples of bounded monosacharides
ribose, glycoprotein, glycolipid
What is glycogen? What does it consists of?
Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate and a form of energy storage in animals and humans. It is a polysaccharide made up of many glucose molecules linked together, and it serves as the body’s primary short-term energy reserve.
What does utilizable saccharides mean?
The ones that the body can break down and use for energy
What does flatulence factors mean?
“Flatulence factors” refer to specific compounds in certain foods that can cause an increase in gas production (flatulence) in the digestive system.
Tell examples of non-utilizable saccharides (dietery fiber)
Cellulose, pectin, chitin
Are non-utilizable saccharides healthy?
Yes, they contribute to improved digestion, blood sugar control, heart health
What are 2 main functions of dietery fiber?
Increasing of food volume
Increasing of peristaltic motions in large intestine
Bounding of some compounds (cholesterol, free radicals, fats, heavy metals)
What does peristaltic motions mean?
These motions move food, liquids, or other substances through the body.
What are ways monosaccharides can be metabolized?
Glucose metabolism: Hormone insulin facilitates the admittance of glucose to cells
Conversion to glucose (regulated)
direct glycolysis without regulation – mainly fructose
or galactose – owing to obesity can to intensifies
What condition is glycosuria?
Glycosuria occurs when blood glucose levels are high enough that the kidneys can’t reabsorb all of it, causing glucose to “spill” into the urine.
What is glucose used for?
oxidation reaction (ATP formation)
for glycogen synthesis
for forming fats
conversion to other important saccharides (e.g. ribose,
galactose)
GLYCAEMIA. What is it?
Glucose in blood
What is the main difference between insuline and glucagone
Insuline reduces sugar levels in blood adn glucagone-increases.
What is Hyperglycaemia?
Hyperglycemia refers to a condition characterized by an elevated level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is most commonly associated with diabetes but can occur in other contexts as well.
What causes DIABETES MELLITUS - type I?
Absence or low formation of insulin
What causes Diabetes type2?
Insulin is produced but not effectively used (resistance)
Name 2 examples of Sweeteners on the saccharide base
sorbitol, fructose
Name 2 ex of Synthetic sweeteners
saccharin, aspartame
Protein hydratation meaning
protein hydration is critical for proteins to maintain their biological activity, stability, and interactions within a living system.
