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Biological Molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give the main example of a hexose monosaccharide

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What is a hexose monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms in it

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3
Q

Give an example of a pentose monosaccharide

A

Ribose

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4
Q

What is a pentose monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with 5 carbon atoms in it

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5
Q

Give three examples of hexose monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

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6
Q

What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

CnH2nOn

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7
Q

What is the chemical formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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8
Q

What is meant by the type of sugar?

A

How many carbon atoms are present. e.g. hexose or pentose

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9
Q

Name the two isomers of glucose

A
  1. Alpha glucose
  2. Beta glucose
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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula but a structural formula and arrangement of atoms

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11
Q

What is the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The OH group on carbon one is orinetated the opposite way around

In aplha the OH group is attatched below the plane of the ring where as in beta glucose the OH group is attatched above the plane of the ring

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12
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

A hexose monosaccharide

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13
Q

Glucose is a polar molecule

TRUE or FLASE

A

True

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14
Q

Glucose is a polar molecule this means that is it [blank] in water

fill in the blank

A

Glucose is a polar molecule this means that it is soluble in water

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15
Q

Why is glucose soluble in water?

A

The OH groups form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, allowing it to be dissolved in water

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16
Q

All monosaccharides are polar and therefore soluble in water

TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Why is it important that glucose can dissolve in water

A

It means that glucose can be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell

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18
Q

What is the definition of a disaccharide?

A

Sugars formed from two monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

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19
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with alpha-glucose?

A

Maltose

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20
Q

Which type of glucose forms maltose-
alpha or beta

A

Alpha glucose

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21
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with fructose?

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

What is formed when alpha-glucose reacts with galactose?

A

Lactose

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23
Q

What type of bond is formed between two alpha-glucose molecules to form the disaccharide maltose?

A

1, 4 glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

Which two monosaccharides form the disaccharide maltose?

A

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose

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25
Q

Which two monosaccharides form the disaccharide sucrose?

A

Alpha glucose + Fructose

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26
Q

Which two monosaccharides form the disaccharide lactose?

A

Alpha glucose + Galactose

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27
Q

Give three examples of polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch
  2. Cellulose
  3. Glycogen
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28
Q

Name the polysaccharides formed form alpha glucose

A

Starch
glycogen

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29
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

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30
Q

What type of reaction breaks apart disaccharides and polysaccharides to form monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolisis reaction

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31
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A sugar formed form 10 or more monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

32
Q

monosaccharides and disaccharides are s[blank] and s[blank]

fill in the blanks

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sweet and soluble

they are SUGARS

33
Q

Polysaccharides are NOT [blank]

fill in the blank

A

Polysaccharides are NOT sugars

34
Q

Why are polysaccharides insoluble?

A

They are large in size

35
Q

Which glucose isomer is present in amylose?

A

alpha glucose

36
Q

Name the two types of starch

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

37
Q

Which isomer of glucose is in glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose

37
Q

Which isomer of glucose is in amylopectin?

A

Alpha-glucose

38
Q

Which isomer of glucose is in cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

39
Q

Describe the bonding that occurs in amylose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonding between alpha glucose molecules

40
Q

Describe the bonding that occurs in amylopectin?

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonding between alpha glucose molecules

41
Q

Describe the bonding that occurs in cellulose

A

1,4 glycosidic bond between beta glucose molecules

42
Q

What is the structure of amylose

A

Alpha helix structure

43
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched structure

44
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Straight chain molecule

45
Q

What function does the helix/coiled structure of amylose provide?

A

Makes amylose compact, so a large amount can be stored in a small space

46
Q

Draw the structure of alpha glucose

A

Drawn with OH facing below the ring on carbon 1

47
Q

Draw the structure of beta glucose

A

Drawn with OH above the ring on carbon 1

48
Q

Draw the structure of ribose

A

A pentose monosaccharide with all H-OH except on carbon 4which is CH2OH-H
and carbon 1 which is OH-H

49
Q

Name the two types of starch

A

Amylose

Amylopectin

50
Q

How does the large size of amylose relate to its function?

A

Makes amylose insoluble so it doesn’t affect the water potential of the cell

51
Q

How does the fact that amylose is a polymer of glucose relate to its function

A

It means amylose stores a lot of glucose molecules which can be used in respiration to RELEASE energy

52
Q

How does the large size of glycogen relate to its function?

A

It makes glucose insoluble so it does not affect the water potential of the cell

53
Q

When does hydrolysis occur?

A

When plants/animals need energy

so they are releasing the individual monomers of glucose so that respiration can happen

54
Q

How does the branched structure of glycogen relate to its function?

A
  1. The branched ends allow for hydrolysis to release glucose for respiration to release energy
  2. It creates flexibillity and more folding which means that it is more compact which means that a large amount can be stored in a small space which is good for storage
55
Q

How does the fact that glycogen is a polymer of glucose relate to its function?

A

It means that glycogen can store a lot of glucose which is used in respiraiton for the release of energy

56
Q

How does the large size of amylopectin relate to its function?

A

It makes it insoluble so that it doesn’t affect the water potential of the cell

57
Q

How does the branched structure of amylopectin relate to its function?

A
  1. The branched ends allow for hydrolisis to release glucose molecules for respiration to release energy
  2. It allows for flexibility and folding which makes the molecules more compact which means that a large amount can be stored in a small space
58
Q

How does the fact that amylopectin is a polymer of glucose relate to its function?

A

It means that it can store a lot of glucose molecules which are used in respiration for the release of energy

58
Q

How do microfibrils of cellulose form?

A

Outwards facing OH groups form hydrogen bonds between chains of cellulose molecules to form microfibrils

59
Q

In cellulose every alternate beta glucose molecule is facing upside down

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

This is so that the condensation reaction can actually take place anda 1,4 glycosidic bond can be formed- this is the reason that some of the OH groups face outwards and H bond form between cellulose molecules to form microfibrils

60
Q

How are macrofibrils of cellulose formed?

A

Microfibrils are held together by Hydrogen bonds to form macrofibrils

61
Q

How does the insolubility of cellulose relate to its structure?

A

Makes cellulose stable

This means that its DOESN’T dissolve in water so its shape doesnt break or change, hence making it stable

62
Q

How does the forming of microfibrils relate to the function of cellulose

A
  1. It gives cellulose a high tensile strength, which means that it does not burst when water moves in by osmosis
  2. It gives the plant turgidity and support
63
Q

How does the fact that cellulose is made of beta glucose relate to its function

A

It makes cellulose very difficult to hydrolise

because the enzymes in animals can only easily hydrolise (break down) alpha glucose

64
Q

Give the three structural features of amylose

A
  1. Large size
  2. Coiled/helix structre
  3. Polymer of glucose
65
Q

Give the three structural features of amylopectin

A
  1. Large size
  2. Brached structure*
  3. Polymer of glucose

*this contributes TWO things to amylopectin’s structure

66
Q

Glycogen is a [blank] version of amylopectin

fill in the blank

A

more branched

67
Q

Give the three structural features of glycogen

A
  1. Large size
  2. Branched structure*
  3. Polymer of glucose

*this contributes TWO things to glycogen’s structure

68
Q

Give the three structural features of cellulose

A
  1. Insoluble
  2. Forms microfibrils
  3. Polymer of beta glucose
69
Q

Describe the bonding that occurs in glycogen

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonding between alpha glucose monosaccharides

70
Q

hydrolysis reactions [blank] bonds

fill in the blank

A

break

71
Q

condensation reactions [blank] bonds

A

form

72
Q

List the following in order of solubility
amlyopectin, ribose, glucose, amylose

for most to least

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Ribose
  3. Amylose
  4. Amylopectin
73
Q

Name the carbohydrate molecule used to store energy in plants

A

Starch

including amylose & amylopectin

Biological Molecules (4 decks)

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