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BIOCHEM QUIZ > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Carbohydrates contain _______ and ________ in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body

A

Hydrogen and Oxygen

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4
Q

Carbohydrates include what? (3)

A
  • Sugars
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
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5
Q

A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis.

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

It means sugar

A

Saccharide

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7
Q

Also known as saccharide

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

T OR F:
The major source of carbohydrates in the body is from dietary intake of plant materials

A

True

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9
Q

What is the function structure of Carbohydrates? (4)

A
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
  • Alginate
  • Pectin
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10
Q

Give 5 functions of Carbohydrates

A
  • Structure
  • Energy storage (starch & glycogen)
  • Transport
  • Regulatory
  • Catalytic
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11
Q

What are the classifications of carbohydrates according to number of units? (4)

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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12
Q

A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate.

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

A

CnH2nOn

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14
Q

A monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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15
Q

A monosaccharide containing a ketone group

A

Ketose

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16
Q

What are classified by their number of carbon atoms?

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

What is the simplest aldose that contains a stereocenter and exists as a pair of enantiomers?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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18
Q

What are the monosaccharide projections? (3)

A
  1. Fischer
  2. Haworth
  3. Dreiding
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19
Q

A two dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters

A

Fischer projection

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20
Q

In monosaccharides, what lines represent bonds projecting forward from the stereocenter?

A

Horizontal lines

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21
Q

In monosaccharides, what lines represent bonds projecting to the rear?

A

Vertical lines

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22
Q

In monosaccharides, only _________ is in the plane?

A

stereocenter

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23
Q

Who and in what year did they make the arbitrary assignments of D- and L- to the enantiomers of glyceraldehyde?

A

Emil Fischer (1891)

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24
Q

Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form what?

A

Hemiacetals

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25
Q

A five- or six- membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular to the plane of the paper

A

Haworth Projections

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26
Q

What is the new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure?

A

Anomeric carbon

27
Q

What are stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon?

A

Anomers

28
Q

What is the anomeric carbon of an aldose?

A

C-1

29
Q

In the terminology of carbohydrate chemistry, what means that the -OH on the anomeric carbon is on the same side of the ring as the terminal -CH2OH

A

b

30
Q

In the terminology of carbohydrate chemistry, what means that the -OH on the anomeric carbon is on the side of the ring opposite from the terminal -CH2OH

A

a

31
Q

What is a 6-membered hemiacetal ring

A

Pyranose

32
Q

What is a 5-membered hemiacetal ring?

A

Furanose

33
Q

What are the most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world?

A

Furanoses

34
Q

What does the prefix deoxy means?

A

Without oxygen

35
Q

For pyranoses, the six-membered ring is more accurately represented as a?

A

Chair Conformation

36
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at a single chiral center

A

Epimers

37
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon

A

Anomers

38
Q

The change in specific rotation that accompanies the equilibration of a- and b- anomers in aqueous solution

A

Mutarotation

39
Q

__________ are colorless crystalline solids, very soluble in water, but only slightly soluble in ethanol

A

Monosaccharides

40
Q

A cyclic acetal derived from monosaccharide

A

Glycosides

41
Q

The bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR group

A

Glycosidic bond

42
Q

What is not possible in a glycoside because an acetal, unlike a hemiacetal, is not in equilibrium with the open-chain carbonyl-containing compound

A

Mutarotation

43
Q

Are stable in water and aqueous base, but like other acetals, are hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to an alcohol and a monosaccharide

A

Glycosides

44
Q

What do you call the reduction product?

A

Alditol

45
Q

It is about 60% as sweet as sucrose

A

Alditols

46
Q

What do you call the oxidation product?

A

Aldonic acid

47
Q

A carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid is classified as a?

A

Reducing sugar

48
Q

Gluconic acid occurs naturally in what? (3)

A
  • Fruit
  • Honey
  • Wine
49
Q

Is used by the body to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols

A

D-Glucuronic Acid

50
Q

Are produced when a strong oxidizing agent oxidizes both ends of a monosaccharide..

A

Aldaric Acids

51
Q

Aldaric acid can sometimes form?

A

Lactones

52
Q

What are the 3 amino sugars are common in nature? (3)

A

— D-glucosamine
— D-mannosamine
— D-galactosamine

53
Q

What is the most abundant disaccharide in the biological world and is obtained principally from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beets. (Nonreducing)

A

Sucrose

54
Q

What is the principal sugar present in milk? (Reducing)

A

Lactose

55
Q

What is the principal sugar present in milk?

A

Lactose

56
Q

Present in malt, the juice from sprouted barley and other cereal grains. (Reducing)

A

Maltose

57
Q

A disaccharide that can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid

A

Cellobiose

58
Q

A carbohydrate consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

A

Polysaccharide

59
Q

A polymer of D-glucose and can be seperated into amylose and amylopectin

A

Starch

60
Q

Is the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals

A

Glycogen

61
Q

A group of polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

A

Acidic polysaccharides

62
Q

A heterogeneous mixture of variably sulfonated polysaccharide chains

A

Heparin

63
Q

Also called mucopeptide

A

Cell walls

64
Q

Also called mucopeptide

A

Cell walls

BIOCHEM QUIZ (4 decks)

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