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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

60% of our food comes from…?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

What does ‘polyhydroxy’ mean?

A

containing several alcohol groups

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3
Q

What is the empirical (simplified) formula of carbohydrates?

A

CH2O (Carbon + Hydrate)

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4
Q

They are the most abundant molecules on Earth

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are produced through what process?

A

Photosynthesis

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6
Q

A carbohydrate is any compound containing what three elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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7
Q

To be considered a carbohydrate, what must be the ratio of H and O in a compound?

A

2:1

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8
Q

If we eat more carbohydrates that are needed for energy, the extra is stored in what part of the body?

A

Liver or tissues

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9
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored as __ in the body.

A

Fat

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10
Q

What are the 3 major categories of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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11
Q

These types of carbohydrates are known as simple sugars.

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

True or False: Monosaccharides can be further broken down into simpler sugars.

A

FALSE. Monosaccharides are already the simplest sugar and cannot be broken down further.

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13
Q

What do you call monosaccharides with a ketone functional group?

A

Ketoses

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14
Q

If a monosaccharide is an aldose, what is its functional group?

A

Aldehyde

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15
Q

What are the chemical formulas for hydroxyl, aldehyde and ketone?

A

Hydroxyl - OH
Aldehyde - -CHO
Ketone - C=O

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16
Q

What are the four categories of monosaccharides according to number of carbons?

A

Trioses (three carbons)
Tetroses (four carbons)
Pentoses (five carbons)
Hexoses (six carbons)

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17
Q

What are the 2 most important pentoses?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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18
Q

Ribose forms part of the __, while deoxyribose forms part of the ___.

A

RNA; DNA

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19
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose.

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20
Q

What are the 3 most important hexoses in the human body?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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21
Q

If compounds have the same formula but different structural formulas, they are called…?

A

Isomers

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22
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

C6H12O6

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23
Q

This monosaccharide is also known as grape sugar.

A

Glucose

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24
Q

What percentage of glucose is concentrated in grapes?

A

20-30%

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25
Q

What is the main product of photosynthesis and its byproduct?

A

Glucose & oxygen

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26
Q

Glucose is commercially known by what other name?

A

Dextrose

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27
Q

What is it called when excess glucose is secreted via the urine?

A

Glycosuria

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28
Q

Is it the breakdown of glycogen in order to make glucose.

A

Glycogenolysis

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29
Q

In animals, glycogen is broken down to create glucose. What is broken down in plants?

A

Starch

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30
Q

In animals, glucose is synthesized in what organs?

A

Liver and kidneys

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31
Q

It is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

This monosaccharide is the sweetest of the common sugars.

A

Fructose

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33
Q

Fructose is also known as…?

A

Fruit sugar

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34
Q

What monosaccharide has the highest solubility?

A

Fructose

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35
Q

What do LDL and HDL mean?

A

Low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins

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36
Q

Between LDL and HDL, which is considered as bad cholesterol?

A

LDL

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37
Q

This monosaccharide is also known as brain sugar.

A

Galactose

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38
Q

True or False: Galactose is sweeter than glucose.

A

FALSE

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39
Q

In what bodily process is galactose used?

A

Infant feeding

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40
Q

Where is galactose formed?

A

From blood glucose in the mammary blood

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41
Q

It is a type of carbohydrate that is formed by two monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharide

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42
Q

True or False: Disaccharides are formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule or water is removed.

A

TRUE

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43
Q

What are the 5 given disaccharides?

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Trehalose
Cellobiose

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44
Q

Lactose is formed by combining what two monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and galactose

45
Q

When combining glucose and fructose, what disaccharide is formed?

A

Sucrose

46
Q

What 3 disaccharides may be formed when you join together two glucose molecules?

A

Maltose, trehalose, and cellobiose

47
Q

It is an inherited disease wherein the transformation of galactose to glucose is blocked, allowing galactose to rise to toxic levels in the body.

A

Galactosemia

48
Q

This disaccharide is also known as cane sugar.

A

Sucrose

49
Q

What is the most common disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

50
Q

True or False: Maltose is common in many processed/junk food.

A

FALSE. Sucrose is common in processed/junk food.

51
Q

What is the oral bacteria that converts sugar in food into acid, causing tooth decay?

A

Streptococcus mutans

52
Q

What is the chemical formula for sucrose?

A

C12H22O11

53
Q

What disaccharide is also known as beer sugar?

A

Maltose

54
Q

Milk sugar is also known as…?

A

Lactose

55
Q

This disaccharide is only found in milk.

A

Lactose

56
Q

What percent of milk is made up of lactose?

A

2-8%

57
Q

It is the principal sugar in the hemolymph of insects.

A

Trehalose

58
Q

They are relatively complex carbohydrates.

A

Polysaccharides

59
Q

What bonds together monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

60
Q

What are the two classifications of polysaccharides?

A

Homopolysaccharides (monosaccharides are the same type) and heteropolysaccharides (more than one type of monosaccharide).

61
Q

what is another name for starch?

A

Amylum

62
Q

It is the most important carbohydrate in the diet.

A

Starch

63
Q

Starch is a mixture of what two compounds?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

64
Q

It is a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules.

A

Amylose

65
Q

It is the branched molecule made up of several thousand glucose molecules.

A

Amylopectin

66
Q

Starches can be catalyzed by what type of enzymes?

A

Amylase

67
Q

Where can you find amylase in the body?

A

Saliva and pancreas

68
Q

Salivary amylase is also known as…?

A

Ptyalin

69
Q

What is another name for pancreatic amylase?

A

Amylopsin

70
Q

Starches are bonded by what type of linkages?

A

Alpha linkages

71
Q

Since they are both composed of two glucose molecules, what is the main difference between maltose, trehalose, and cellobiose?

A

Their glycosidic bonds

72
Q

What is the bond for maltose?

A

Alpha-1,4

73
Q

What is the glycosidic bond for trehalose?

A

Alpha-1,1

74
Q

What is the glycosidic bond for cellobiose?

A

Beta-1,4

75
Q

Animal starch is also called…?

A

Glycogen

76
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

A

Liver and muscles

77
Q

What is the glycogen percentage present in the liver?

A

1.5-4% glycogen

78
Q

What is the glycogen concentration in the muscles?

A

0.5 -1.0% glycogen

79
Q

What percent of glycogen can be found in oysters?

A

9%

80
Q

It is the reserved carbohydrate in plants.

A

Cellulose

81
Q

Wood is formed by combining cellulose with ___.

A

Lignin

82
Q

What enzyme do humans lack in order to properly break down cellulose?

A

Cellulase

83
Q

What animal is an example of being able to digest cellulose?

A

Termite

84
Q

It is a white amorphous substance used in the preparation of adhesives

A

Dextrin

85
Q

What carbohydrate helps prevent blood clotting?

A

Heparin

86
Q

It is the strongest organic acid in the body.

A

Heparin

87
Q

These carbohydrates are known as blood extenders.

A

Dextran

88
Q

What carbohydrate is the main component of beer?

A

Maltose

89
Q

What are the 3P’s of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia

90
Q

It refers to frequent urinating.

A

Polyuria

91
Q

Frequent eating/hunger is also known as…?

A

Polyphagia.

92
Q

True or False: Polyphagia means frequent drinking/thirst.

A

FALSE. Polyphagia is frequent eating/hunger, while polydipsia is frequent drinking/thirst.

93
Q

It is the thickening of fat deposits in the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

94
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Elevated triglycerides

95
Q

What is the meaning of the acronym G6PD?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

96
Q

What are the two types of projections?

A

Howerth (ring) and Fischer (fishbone) projections

97
Q

It is the hormone that regulates blood sugar level by absorbing glucose from the blood.

A

Insulin

98
Q

True or False: Hexose is a monosaccharide made up of four carbons; an example is ribose.

A

FALSE

99
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body.

A

TRUE

100
Q

A polysaccharide found in the cell wall of fungi and serves as an exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.

A

Chitin

101
Q

A disaccharide made up of two glucose units connected via Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond.

A

Cellobiose

102
Q

What carbohydrate is also known as blood sugar?

A

Glucose

103
Q

The sum of chemical reactions that take place in living cells, providing energy for life processes and the synthesis of cellular material.

A

Metabolism

104
Q

A physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions
enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material.

A

Absorption

105
Q

The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the
alimentary canal into substances that can be
used by the body

A

Digestion

106
Q

What is the first step in catabolism?

A

Digestion

107
Q

Salivary amylase breaks down starch into what disaccharide?

A

Maltose

108
Q

True or False: Amylases in the pancreas further break down polysaccharides, reducing them to disaccharides such as lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

A

FALSE. They break down polysaccharides into monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.

109
Q

True or False: There are some carbohydrates in the body that are indigestible.

A

TRUE. They are dietary fiber and resistant starches.

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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