Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
What 3 elements are carbohydrates made from?
A
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
- Carbohydrates are made up of single monomer units called monosaccharides
3
Q
What are monosaccharides ?
A
- single sugars
4
Q
what are examples of monosaccharides?
A
- Hexoses
- Glucose
- Fructose
- pentose
- Ribose
- Deoxyribose
5
Q
What are disaccharides?
A
- when 2 monomers join together
6
Q
What are examples of disaccharides
A
- Maltose
- lactose
- sucrose
7
Q
What is maltose composed of?
A
- two glucose molecules
8
Q
What is a polysaccharide?
A
- When many monosaccharides join
9
Q
what are examples of polysaccharides?
A
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Starch
10
Q
What are oliosaccharides?
A
- they have shorter - chain polysaccharide
- these are not sugars
11
Q
What are properties of monosaccharides
A
- single molecules
- sweet to taste
12
Q
Do monosaccharides have glycosidic bonds?
A
- No
13
Q
What is the structure of monosaccharides?
A
- exist as a single ring shape
14
Q
Solubility of monosaccharides in water
A
- soluble
15
Q
Roles of monosaccharides
A
- energy release, transported in blood
- monomers for other carbohydrates
16
Q
Properties of disaccharides?
A
- two molecules covalently joined
- sweet to taste
17
Q
Do disaccharides have glycosidic bonds?
A
- single glycosidic bonds
18
Q
Structure of disaccharides
A
- two rings joined
19
Q
Role of disaccharides
A
- energy release, storage, and transport within plants
20
Q
Properties of polysaccharides
A
- many molecules covalently joined to each other
- not sweet
21
Q
Solubility of polysaccharides in water?
A
- insoluble
22
Q
do polysaccharides have glycosidic bonds?
A
- many glycosidic bonds
23
Q
structure of polysaccharides?
A
- long chains which may be branched and coiled
- compact
24
Q
roles of polysaccharides?
A
-energy storage, structural component of the cell walls
25
Solubility of monosaccharides in water?
- soluble
26
Two types of starch?
- amylose and amylopectin
27
What is glucose?
- Glucose in living organisms is a substrate used in aerobic respiration. This releases energy. It is small/soluble
28
Glucose formula
C6H12O6
29
what type of sugar is glucose?
- Hexose sugar
30
Glucose exists in two forms:
- alpha and beta
31
difference between alpha and glucose molecule
- same molecular formula, arranged differently.
- affects how moleules behave when they join to form polymers
32
what type of sugar are Ribose and deoxyribose
- Both pentose
C5H10O5
33
What is ribose used for?
- Used in RNA
34
What is deoxyribose used for?
- used in DNA
35
Features of disaccharides?
- They form when a condensation reaction (loss of water) happens between 2 monosaccharides, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds
36
How does maltose get breakdown into glucose?
- Hydrolysis reaction occurs
- addition of water
- and enzyme - maltose
37
Are all disaccharides reducing sugars?
- Yes apart from sucrose
38
What roles does sucrose have in organisms?
- Sugar is transported in the phloem of the plant
39
What role does lactose have in mammals?
- High in energy
- used in milk
40
what are polysaccharides?
- large polymers which are made by joined by lots of monosaccharides together by condensation reactions, creating long chains
41
What bonds are monosaccharides joined by?
- glycosidiacc bonds
42
Roles of polysacchardies?
Used as energy stores
- starch (plant cells)
- Glycogen (animal cells)
Structural strengths
- Cellulose (plant cell walls)
43
What is starch made from?
- Starch is made from alpha glucose molecules arranged in 2 different ways; amylose and amylopectin
44
What is amylose?
- long chains of 1,4, linked aplha glucose, coiled into a spiral shape
45
What bonds are amylose held by?
- It is stabilised by hydrogen bonds holding the helix shape
46
What is amylopectin?
- long chains 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules with short branches (1,6 linked)
47
How is the structure of starch made as a good energy storage molecules in plants?
- unreactive - it is used as an energy store
- compact - a lot can be stored in a small space inside the cell due to amylopectin being branched and amylose being a helix
- energy is released for respiration
48
What is glycogen?
- main energy store in animals
- made of long chains of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched (1-6 glycosidic bonds)
49
How is glycogen different to amylopectin?
- shorter chains
- more branches
- more compact
- can be stored into a small space
50
Why would animals need an energy storage molecule that is even more branched than found in plant cells?
-more branches means it is broken down more rapidly and release energy needed for cellular reactions
- animals are far more active than plants
51
where is cellulose found in plants?
- cell walls
52
what is cellulose made from?
- Beta glucose
53
Is cellulose a polysaccharide?
- yes
54
How do beta glucose molecules join together?
- They can join together if every other molecule is flipped 180 degrees
55
Structure of cellulose?
- straight chain molecule
NOT coiled or branched
56
What bonds are formed between cellulose?
- cellulose chains are linked by hydrogen bonds forming strong fibres called microfibrils
57
what are macrofibrils?
- They are weak hydrogen bonds joined together to give them great strength
58
what happens to the macromolecules?
- they cross over each other to form the cell wall of plants
- they are embedded in a gel like structure called pectin which holds them into place
