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biology: module 2 - biological molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 elements are carbohydrates made from?

A
  • carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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2
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A
  • Carbohydrates are made up of single monomer units called monosaccharides
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3
Q

What are monosaccharides ?

A
  • single sugars
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4
Q

what are examples of monosaccharides?

A
  • Hexoses
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • pentose
  • Ribose
  • Deoxyribose
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5
Q

What are disaccharides?

A
  • when 2 monomers join together
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6
Q

What are examples of disaccharides

A
  • Maltose
  • lactose
  • sucrose
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7
Q

What is maltose composed of?

A
  • two glucose molecules
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8
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A
  • When many monosaccharides join
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9
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
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10
Q

What are oliosaccharides?

A
  • they have shorter - chain polysaccharide
  • these are not sugars
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11
Q

What are properties of monosaccharides

A
  • single molecules
  • sweet to taste
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12
Q

Do monosaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A
  • No
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13
Q

What is the structure of monosaccharides?

A
  • exist as a single ring shape
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14
Q

Solubility of monosaccharides in water

A
  • soluble
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15
Q

Roles of monosaccharides

A
  • energy release, transported in blood
  • monomers for other carbohydrates
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16
Q

Properties of disaccharides?

A
  • two molecules covalently joined
  • sweet to taste
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17
Q

Do disaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A
  • single glycosidic bonds
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18
Q

Structure of disaccharides

A
  • two rings joined
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19
Q

Role of disaccharides

A
  • energy release, storage, and transport within plants
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20
Q

Properties of polysaccharides

A
  • many molecules covalently joined to each other
  • not sweet
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21
Q

Solubility of polysaccharides in water?

A
  • insoluble
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22
Q

do polysaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A
  • many glycosidic bonds
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23
Q

structure of polysaccharides?

A
  • long chains which may be branched and coiled
  • compact
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24
Q

roles of polysaccharides?

A

-energy storage, structural component of the cell walls

25
Q

Solubility of monosaccharides in water?

A
  • soluble
26
Q

Two types of starch?

A
  • amylose and amylopectin
27
Q

What is glucose?

A
  • Glucose in living organisms is a substrate used in aerobic respiration. This releases energy. It is small/soluble
28
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

29
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A
  • Hexose sugar
30
Q

Glucose exists in two forms:

A
  • alpha and beta
31
Q

difference between alpha and glucose molecule

A
  • same molecular formula, arranged differently.
  • affects how moleules behave when they join to form polymers
32
Q

what type of sugar are Ribose and deoxyribose

A
  • Both pentose
    C5H10O5
33
Q

What is ribose used for?

A
  • Used in RNA
34
Q

What is deoxyribose used for?

A
  • used in DNA
35
Q

Features of disaccharides?

A
  • They form when a condensation reaction (loss of water) happens between 2 monosaccharides, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds
36
Q

How does maltose get breakdown into glucose?

A
  • Hydrolysis reaction occurs
  • addition of water
  • and enzyme - maltose
37
Q

Are all disaccharides reducing sugars?

A
  • Yes apart from sucrose
38
Q

What roles does sucrose have in organisms?

A
  • Sugar is transported in the phloem of the plant
39
Q

What role does lactose have in mammals?

A
  • High in energy
  • used in milk
40
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A
  • large polymers which are made by joined by lots of monosaccharides together by condensation reactions, creating long chains
41
Q

What bonds are monosaccharides joined by?

A
  • glycosidiacc bonds
42
Q

Roles of polysacchardies?

A

Used as energy stores
- starch (plant cells)
- Glycogen (animal cells)
Structural strengths
- Cellulose (plant cell walls)

43
Q

What is starch made from?

A
  • Starch is made from alpha glucose molecules arranged in 2 different ways; amylose and amylopectin
44
Q

What is amylose?

A
  • long chains of 1,4, linked aplha glucose, coiled into a spiral shape
45
Q

What bonds are amylose held by?

A
  • It is stabilised by hydrogen bonds holding the helix shape
46
Q

What is amylopectin?

A
  • long chains 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules with short branches (1,6 linked)
47
Q

How is the structure of starch made as a good energy storage molecules in plants?

A
  • unreactive - it is used as an energy store
  • compact - a lot can be stored in a small space inside the cell due to amylopectin being branched and amylose being a helix
  • energy is released for respiration
48
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • main energy store in animals
  • made of long chains of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched (1-6 glycosidic bonds)
49
Q

How is glycogen different to amylopectin?

A
  • shorter chains
  • more branches
  • more compact
  • can be stored into a small space
50
Q

Why would animals need an energy storage molecule that is even more branched than found in plant cells?

A

-more branches means it is broken down more rapidly and release energy needed for cellular reactions
- animals are far more active than plants

51
Q

where is cellulose found in plants?

A
  • cell walls
52
Q

what is cellulose made from?

A
  • Beta glucose
53
Q

Is cellulose a polysaccharide?

A
  • yes
54
Q

How do beta glucose molecules join together?

A
  • They can join together if every other molecule is flipped 180 degrees
55
Q

Structure of cellulose?

A
  • straight chain molecule
    NOT coiled or branched
56
Q

What bonds are formed between cellulose?

A
  • cellulose chains are linked by hydrogen bonds forming strong fibres called microfibrils
57
Q

what are macrofibrils?

A
  • They are weak hydrogen bonds joined together to give them great strength
58
Q

what happens to the macromolecules?

A
  • they cross over each other to form the cell wall of plants
  • they are embedded in a gel like structure called pectin which holds them into place

biology: module 2 - biological molecules (7 decks)

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