Carbohydrates Flashcards
Monosaccharides are multiples of?
CH2O (Glucose is most common)
Disaccharide is formed when?
Dehydration rxn between 2 monosaccharides (glycosidic linkage)
Glucose + Glucose
maltose (1-4 glycosidic linkage)
glucose + fructose
sucrose (1-2 glycosidic linkage)
starch is a polysaccharide consisting of?
glucose monomers (1-4 linkage of alpha glucose)
plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
difference between starch and glycogen
starch is a plant poly while glycogen is an animal polysaccharide
glycogen is stored where?
liver and muscle cells
cellulose is a polysaccharide that is?
major component of cell walls (polymer of glucose with 1-4 beta glucose linkage)
Polymers with alpha glucose are what shape?
helical
Polymers with beta glucose are what shape?
straight
parallel cellulose molecules are held together and grouped into what?
microfibrils
enzymes that digest starch cant hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose
cellulose in human food passes through as insoluble fiber
cellulose digesting prokaryotes are found in?
cows
Chitin (poly) is found where?
exoskeleton of arthropods (provides structural support to cell walls of many fungi too)
used to make strong surgical thread too
Lipids do not form polymers
they are hydrophobic sinch they mostly contain nonpolar hydrocarbons
fats, phospholipids and steroids are examples
fats are constructed from?
glycerol + fatty acids (ester linkage)
3 fatty acids are joined to glycerol, creating?
triacylglycerol
saturated fatty acids dont contain what?
double bond
stearic acid is a?
saturated fat
oleic acid is a?
unsaturated fat (cis double bond)
difference between animal and plant fats?
animal - saturated (solid at room temp)
plant and fish - unsaturated (liquid at room temp)
diet rich in saturated fats can lead to?
cardiovascular diseases through plaque deposits
unsaturated fats + hydrogen
saturated fats
can also form unsaturated fats with trans bonds that are more lethal than saturated fats
humans and mammals store fat where?
adipose cells
what are steroids?`
carbon skeleton formed by 4 fused rings (cholestrol is an example)
amino acids are linked by?
peptide bonds
Primary structure of proteins is?
Unique sequence of amino acids.
determined by inherited genetic information
Secondary structure of proteins
coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure of proteins
determined by interaction among various side chains.
strong covalent bonds called DISULFIDE BRIDGES may reinforce protein structure.
Types of secondary structures?
alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Abdominal glands of spiders secrete silk fibers made of what?
beta pleated sheets
what is quaternary structure of proteins?
multiple polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.
collagen is a fibrous protein.
haemoglobin is a globular protein with 4 polypeptides (2 alpha and 2 beta)
sickle cell disease is caused by?
valine instead of glycine in haemoglobin
loss of protein’s native structure is called?
denaturation
what are protein molecules that assist proper folding of other proteins?
Chaperonins
Bioinformatics uses computer programs to do what?
predict protein structures from amino acid sequences
