Carbohydrates

Question 1

Glut 3

Answer 1

Main isoform in neurons

Question 2

Glut 1

Answer 2

Found in RBCs and Blood brain barrier but low in adult muscles

Question 3

Glut 4

Answer 3

Found un muscle and adipose tissue

Question 4

Glut 2

Answer 4

Liver, kidneys, pancreatic beta cells

Question 5

Branched amylopectin and glycogen

Answer 5

Contain alpha 1,6 bonds; hence cannot be hydrolysed by alpha salivary amylase.

Question 6

They occur as

Answer 6

Short, branched, unbranched oligosaccharides called Dextrins.

Question 7

Isomaltase

Answer 7

Alpha 1, 6 bonds in isomaltose = glucose

Question 8

Maltase

Answer 8

1. Alpha 1, 4 bonds in maltose and maltotriose

Question 9

Sucrase

Answer 9

Alpha 1,2 bonds in sucrose= glucose and fructose

Question 10

Lactase ( beta galactosidase)

Answer 10

Beta 1,4 bonds in lactose= glucose and galactose.

Question 11

Trehalase

Answer 11

Alpha 1,1 bonds in trehalose.

Question 12

Sucrase and isomaltase

Answer 12

Subunits of a single protein that gets cleaved in the two enzymes

Question 13

Maltase and glycoamylase

Answer 13

Subunits of a single enzyme that does not split

Question 14

Glucoamylase

Answer 14

Cleaves alpha 1, 4 bonds in dextrin.

Question 15

Glucose and galactose

Answer 15

Secondary active transport thro SGLT-1

Question 16

Fructose

Answer 16

Glut 5 requires energy.

Question 17

Lactose intolerance

Answer 17

Slight mutation on chromosome 2

Question 18

Treatment of lactose intolerance

Answer 18

1.Enzyme therapy
2. Abstinence

Question 19

Sucrase isomaltase def.
Treatment

Answer 19

Enzyme therapy and abstinence

Question 20

Anaplerotic reactions

Answer 20

Reactions that produce intermediates for the TCA 🚲

Question 21

3 short chain fatty acids that are found in milk.

Answer 21

Bytyruc acids, caproic acids, caprylic acids.

Question 22

Types of proteins in milk

Answer 22

Lactalbumins, lactoglobulin, and caseins.

Question 23

In conversion of malate back TO OAA

Answer 23

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Question 24

In conversion of malate to PEP

Answer 24

There’s the use of GTP

Question 25

Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphatase is regulated by

Answer 25

AMP/ATP ratio.
When AMP/ ATP ratios are low, glyconeogenesis is stimulated.

Question 26

Fructose 1,6- Bisphosphatase

Answer 26

It’s regulated by Fructose 2,6 phosphate

Question 27

Fructose 2,6- phosphate is regulated by insulin/glucagon ratios

Answer 27

When glucagon is high, fructose 2,6 phosphate is inhibited; hence, Fructose- 1,6- bisphosphatase is active. Gluconeogenesis continues.

Question 28

Conversion on glucose 6 phosphate to glucose is controlled by 2 enzymes

Answer 28

1 . Glucose 6 phosphate translocase- transport the glucose 6 phosphate to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. Glucose 6 phosphatase - removes the phosphate group and produces free glucose.

Question 29

Glucose 6 phosphatase and translocase, which are ER membrane proteins, are also used in glycogen metabolism

Answer 29

Lack of phosphatase - glycogen storage disease 1a
Lack of translocase- glycogen storage disease 1b

Question 30

Gluconeogenesis regulation

Answer 30

1. Hormones- glucagon, glucocorticoids, noradrenaline
2. Availability of substrates

Question 31

Glucagon and glucocorticoids

Answer 31

Increase amino acids substrate

Question 32

Glucagon

Answer 32

1.Increases gluconeogenic enzymes- glucose 6 phosphatase and fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase
2. Glycolysis enzymes are suppressed - glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and phosphofructokinase 1

Question 33

Glucagon.

Answer 33

It increases fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase by inhibiting fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate

Question 34

Glucagon

Answer 34

It suppresses pyruvate kinase by binding to it and converting it to the inactive form through elevation of cAMP cAMP Protein kinase A

Question 35

Glucagon

Answer 35

Increases the production of PEPCK by increasing its transcription though cAMP

Question 36

Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 36

Active upon phosphorylation

Question 37

Glycogen synthase

Answer 37

Inactive upon phosphorylation

Question 38

Hormonal control of glycogen metabolism

Answer 38

Occurs through cAMP by insulin and glucagon

Question 39

Thev same protein kinase

Answer 39

The same protein kinase phosphorylates both synthase and phosphorylase

Question 40

Glycogen storage disease