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Biological Molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n (n=3-7)

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2
Q

Glucose structure and formula

A

Six carbon / hexose sugar C6H12O6

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3
Q

What is an isomer

A

A molecule with the same chemical formula but different structure

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4
Q

What are two isomers of glucose

A

Galactose and fructose

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5
Q

What are 5 carbon sugars and examples of

A

Pentose sugars C5H10O5
Ribose ( RNA and ATP )

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6
Q

What are 3 carbon sugars and examples of

A

Triose sugars C3H6O3
Glycerate phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate (photosynthesis)

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7
Q

-What are disaccharides
-how are they formed
-What’s the name of the bond

A

-A sugar
-Formed from two monosaccharides involving a condensation reaction
-Glycocidic bond c-o-c

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8
Q

Examples of 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose (glucose-glucose)
Sucrose (glucose-fructose)
Lactose (glucose-galactose)

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9
Q

What’s the reverse of a condensation reaction

A

A hydrolysis reaction

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10
Q

-What is maltose made of
-What’s it formed via

A

-Maltose is made up of two glucose units
-It’s formed via the digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase

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11
Q

-What is sucrose made of
-What is sucrose used for

A

-a glucose and a fructose unit
-Transporting sugar in phloem vessels

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12
Q

-What is lactose made up of
-Where is lactose found

A

-A glucose and a galactose unit
-Found in mammalian milk

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13
Q

-What are polysaccharides
-What are the bonds

A

-Long chains of glucose monomers
-glycocidic bonds

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14
Q

What are 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
glycogen
cellulose

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15
Q

What is starch used for and why

A

As a storage polysaccharides in plants due to its insolubility not changing the water potential for cells therefore not influencing water loss or gain by osmosis

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16
Q

What is starch a mixture of

A

Amylose and amylopectin

17
Q

What is amylose

A

A poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain that coils up into a helix held together by hydrogen bonds

18
Q

What does (1-4) signify in polysaccharides

A

It refers to the carbon atom which Glycocidic bonds are formed

19
Q

What is amylopectin

A

A poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain with (1-6) branches

20
Q

Why does amylopectin have (1-6) branches

A

So it can have multiple ends that can be hydrolysed (broken down) quickly by amylase enzymes to turn them into maltose

21
Q

What is glycogen used for

A

A storage polysaccharides in muscle and liver cells

22
Q

What is glycogen

A

It’s a poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain with (1-6) branches

23
Q

Why does glycogen have (1-6) branches

A

So that the multiple ends can be hydrolysed (broken down) very quickly by enzymes (glycogen phosphorylase) to mobilize glucose for energy respiration

24
Q

What’s cellulose used for

A

The main component in the cell wall

25
Q

What is cellulose

A

A poly (1-4) beta-glucose chain

26
Q

Why is beta glucose different from alpha glucose

A

The hydroxyl (OH) group on C1 is in a different position

27
Q

How is glucose a straight chain

A

Alternate glucose molecules are inverted

28
Q

-What are microfibrils
-How are microfibrils formed/made of

A

-The main structural component of the cell wall (strengthens)
-hundred of hydrogen bonds link together cellulose chains

29
Q

Why can only herbivores eat plants

A

They have mutualistic bacteria in there gut which contains cellulase which is the enzyme that breaks beta-glycocidic bonds in the cell wall

30
Q

What are reducing sugars
How do you test for them

A

-All monosaccharides and most disaccharides (except sucrose)
-Benedicts test

31
Q

Method for Benedict’s test

A

-Add equal amounts of test solution and Benedict’s test
-Shake and heat

32
Q

What way is an OH on an alpha glucose vs and beta glucose

A

alpha = H
OH
beta = OH
H

33
Q

starch and glycogen vs cellulose (starch and glycogen)

A

-a glycocidic bonds
-flexible chains
-H bonds WITHIN each chain to form a helix
-can form H bonds with H2O (soluble)
-reacts with iodine to form blue-black
-easy to digest
-storage role

34
Q

starch and glycogen vs cellulose (cellulose)

A

-b glycocidic bonds
-straight chains
-H bonds BETWEEN chains forming microfibrils
-can’t form H bonds with water (insoluble)
-doesn’t react with iodine
-difficult to digest
-structural role

Biological Molecules (6 decks)

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