Carbohydrates Flashcards
General formula for monosaccharides
(CH2O)n (n=3-7)
Glucose structure and formula
Six carbon / hexose sugar C6H12O6
What is an isomer
A molecule with the same chemical formula but different structure
What are two isomers of glucose
Galactose and fructose
What are 5 carbon sugars and examples of
Pentose sugars C5H10O5
Ribose ( RNA and ATP )
What are 3 carbon sugars and examples of
Triose sugars C3H6O3
Glycerate phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate (photosynthesis)
-What are disaccharides
-how are they formed
-What’s the name of the bond
-A sugar
-Formed from two monosaccharides involving a condensation reaction
-Glycocidic bond c-o-c
Examples of 3 disaccharides
Maltose (glucose-glucose)
Sucrose (glucose-fructose)
Lactose (glucose-galactose)
What’s the reverse of a condensation reaction
A hydrolysis reaction
-What is maltose made of
-What’s it formed via
-Maltose is made up of two glucose units
-It’s formed via the digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase
-What is sucrose made of
-What is sucrose used for
-a glucose and a fructose unit
-Transporting sugar in phloem vessels
-What is lactose made up of
-Where is lactose found
-A glucose and a galactose unit
-Found in mammalian milk
-What are polysaccharides
-What are the bonds
-Long chains of glucose monomers
-glycocidic bonds
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides
Starch
glycogen
cellulose
What is starch used for and why
As a storage polysaccharides in plants due to its insolubility not changing the water potential for cells therefore not influencing water loss or gain by osmosis
What is starch a mixture of
Amylose and amylopectin
What is amylose
A poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain that coils up into a helix held together by hydrogen bonds
What does (1-4) signify in polysaccharides
It refers to the carbon atom which Glycocidic bonds are formed
What is amylopectin
A poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain with (1-6) branches
Why does amylopectin have (1-6) branches
So it can have multiple ends that can be hydrolysed (broken down) quickly by amylase enzymes to turn them into maltose
What is glycogen used for
A storage polysaccharides in muscle and liver cells
What is glycogen
It’s a poly (1-4) alpha-glucose chain with (1-6) branches
Why does glycogen have (1-6) branches
So that the multiple ends can be hydrolysed (broken down) very quickly by enzymes (glycogen phosphorylase) to mobilize glucose for energy respiration
What’s cellulose used for
The main component in the cell wall
