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Biology AS chapter 1-4 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together.

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2
Q

What are monomers?

A

Monomers are small, basic molecular units.

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3
Q

What are some examples of monomers?

A

monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides

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4
Q

What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

A

C, H and O

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5
Q

What are the monosaccharides that carbohydrates and made from called?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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6
Q

How many carbons does glucose contain?

A

6 - it is a hexose sugar

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7
Q

What is the diffrence between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

they have a diffrent arrangement of atoms. they have the H and OH, group reversed. H on top for alpha on rightside, OH on top for beta on the riightside.

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

two molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond, and a water molecule is realeased.

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9
Q

How are Monosaccharides join together?

A

condensation reaction

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10
Q

What is the bond called between to monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

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11
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides join together?

A

A disaccharide

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12
Q

What do two molecules of alpha glucose form when joined up?

A

maltose

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13
Q

What does fructose and glucose form when joined ?

A

Sucrose

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14
Q

What does glucose and galactose form when joined?

A

Lactose

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15
Q

How are polymers broken back down to monomers?

A

By a hydrolysis reaction

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16
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecule.

17
Q

What test is used for sugars?

A

Benedicts reagent

18
Q

What sugars are reducing sugars?

A

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides

19
Q

What do you do after adding benedicts reagent to a sample?

A

heat it in a water bath that been brought to the boil.

20
Q

What would happen if the test is positive for a reducing sugar?

A

the sample will turn coloured brick red or orange

21
Q

If the result for reducing sugars is negative what can you do?

A

a test for non reducing sugars

22
Q

How do you break up the sample into monosaccharides?

A

add dilute HCl and carefully heat it in a water bath thats been brought to boil. you can nuetralise it with sodium hydrogencarbonate.

23
Q

What do you do after you break up the monosaccharides in a non reducing sugar test?

A

carry out benedicts test normally

24
Q

How would you do if the test is postive for a non reducing sugar?

A

it will form a coloured precipitate, if the test is negative the solution will stay blue which means it does not contain a sugar( either reducing or non reducing).

25
Q

How is a polysaccharide formed?

A

it is formed when more than two monosccharides are joined together by a condensation reaction

26
Q

Where do cell get energy from?

A

glucose

27
Q

What do plants store excess glucose as?

A

starch (when a plant needs more glucose for energy, it breaks down starch to release the glucose)

28
Q

What are the two polysaccharides of alpha glucose that make up starch called?

A

amylose and amylopetin

29
Q

What is amylose?

A

a long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose. the angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure, almost like a cylinder. this makes it compact so its really good for storage because you can fit more in to a small space.

30
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

a long, branched chain of alpha glucose. its side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easily. this means that glucose can be released quickly.

31
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodide

32
Q

What is a postive test for starch with iodide?

A

blue/black colour

33
Q

What do animals store execess glucose as?

A

glycogen

34
Q

What is the stucture of glucogen?

A

loads of branchs means that stored glucose can be released quickly, which is important for energy release in animals. it is also compact molecule so its a good storage molecule

35
Q

What is cellouse made up of?

A

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose

36
Q

What do beta molecules form when they bond?

A

staight cellouse chains

37
Q

What happens when the cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen what do they provide?

A

they form strong fibers called microfibrils. the strong fibres mean cellulose provide structural support for cells

Biology AS chapter 1-4 (42 decks)

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