Carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
A non-reducing sugar
A
Sucrose
2
Q
Sugar with one sugar unit
A
Monosaccharide
3
Q
2 sugar units linked together by a glycosidic bond
A
Disaccharides
4
Q
3-10 sugar units
A
Oligosaccharides
5
Q
more than 10 sugar units
A
Polusaccharides
6
Q
What bond is used to link 2 sugar units?
A
Glycosidic bond
7
Q
What are the three types of Disaccharides?
A
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
8
Q
What are 3 types of Monosaccharides?
A
Glucose, Fructose, galactose
9
Q
Starch is an example of what type of sugar>
A
Polysaccharide
10
Q
What organ secretes amylase?
A
Salivary gland and Pancreas
11
Q
Another term for Salivary amylase
A
Ptyalin
12
Q
Another term for Pancreatic amylase
A
Amylopsin
13
Q
The enzyme for Maltose
A
Maltase
14
Q
What is the substrate of Salivary amylase?
A
Starch
15
Q
What is the enzyme for Sucrose?
A
Sucrase
16
Q
What is the enzyme for Lactose?
A
Lactase
17
Q
What is the enzyme for Maltose?
A
Maltase
18
Q
Products of Maltose
A
Glucose + Glucose
19
Q
Glucose + Galactose
A
Lactose
20
Q
Products of Sucrose
A
Glucose + Fructose
21
Q
What transport is done for Monosaccharides to be absorbed by the gut?
A
Active transport
22
Q
What is the only carbohydrate to be used directly for energy?
A
Glucose
23
Q
It allows the phosphorylation of glucose into Glucose-6-Phosphate
A
Hexokinase/Glukokinase
24
Q
Decomposition of fat
A
Lypolysis
25
Conversion of carbohydrates to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
26
What is the metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for energy production?
Glycolysis
27
What pathway is the formation of G6P from non-carbohydrate sources?
Gluconeogenesis
28
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy
Glyconeogenolysis
29
The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
30
What is the hypoglycemic hormone?
Insulin
31
A hormone produced in the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans
Insulin
32
What is the marker for endogenous insulin production?
C-peptide
33
Glycogen is an Oligosaccharide. T or F?
FALSE.
It is a Polysaccharide
34
What effect does Inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the insulin level do??
Decrease. Hypoglycemia
35
What is the anaerobic metabolic pathway?
Lactate
36
The aerobic metabolic pathway
Pyruvate
37
What does the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway generates?
Energy/ATP
38
What is the marker for hypoxia?
Lactic Acid
39
The most common enzyme deficiency in EMP/Glycolysis
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
40
RBCs are aerobic. T or F?
False. They don't have mitochondria
41
What does the HMP/Pentose Phosphate Pathway generates?
NADPH
42
An antioxidant used to target free radicals in the body
Reduced Glutathion
43
An enzyme deficiency present in the HMP
G6PD
44
What do you call the byproducts of oxygen metabolism that can destroy cell membrane and cause lysis?
Free radicals
45
Produced by the alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans
Glucagon
46
What organ does the hormone Glucagon targets?
Liver
47
What is the major hyperglycemic hormone?
Glucagon
48
Promoting liver glycogenolysis increases glucose. T/F
TRUE
49
What part of the adrenal gland is the hormone cortisol produced?
Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex
50
The adrenal cortex has 3 layers: Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, _________ ?
Zona reticularis
51
Sex steroids are produced in what layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
52
Mineralocorticoids are produced in the _________ layer of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
53
Hormone produced in the adrenal medulla that is hyperglycemic
Catecholamine
54
Hyperglycemic hormone produced in the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
55
What hormone is produced in the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hyperglycemic?
Somatostatin
56
Growth hormone _______ glucose level, and is produced in the _________ pituitary gland.
increases. anterior
57
What syndrome is characterized by an elevated fasting blood glucose?
Diabetes Mellitus
58
What type of DM has the absolute deficiency of insulin?
Type 1 DM
59
Type ____ DM is caused by an autoimmune attack/destruction of beta cells.
1
60
Characterized by a combination of insulin resistance & dysfunctional beta cells
Type 2 DM
61
Insulin Dependent DM
Type 1
62
Non-insulin dependent DM
Type 2
63
A type of DM where C-peptide levels are detectable
Type 2 DM
64
_________ DM is prone to ketoacidosis
Type 1 DM
65
Type 2 DM is prone to Ketoacidosis. T/F
False.
66
What ketone body has the highest content in the body?
B-hydroxybutyric acid
67
What ketone has the least content in the body?
Acetone
68
Acetoacetic acid (20%) is an example of a...
ketone body
69
The glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes Mellius
70
What is the screening test for GDM?
2 hr OGTT using 75g glucose load
71
What scientific term do you call "large baby"?
Macrosomia
72
Hours of fasting for OGTT
8-14 hours
73
How many carbohydrates should a patient consume for 3 days before fasting for OGTT?
atleast 150g/day
74
Anticoagulant preferred to be used for OGTT
Sodium flouride, gray top tube
75
What is the glucose load for children (OGTT)?
76
The patient should finish the glucose load within how many minutes?
5-15 minutes
77
What is the other term for HBA1C?
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
78
What is the other term for Fructosamine?
Glycated Albumin
79
HBA1C measures the blood glucose concentration for over the previous 3 months. T/F
TRUE
80
What test is used to measure/monitor glucose control over the past 2-3 weeks?
Fructosamine (Glycated Albumim)
81
How many Hba1C tests should he/she be taken in a year if a px has controlled DM?
every 6 months/ 2x in a year
82
Patients with an uncontrolled DM should be tested for HbA1c every ________?
every 3 months/ quarterly, 4x in a year
83
What specimen is used for HbA1c?
Whole blood
84
Fructosamine is affected by what protein?
Albumin
85
What do you call 3 symptoms needed to be present in order to diagnose hypoglycemia?
Whipple's Triad
86
For every 1% increase in HbA1c, there is a corresponding ________ in plasma glucose
35 mg/dL
87
The glucose level range for Hypoglycemia?
50-55 mg/dL
88
Give the 7 other possible specimens for glucose
WB, serum, plasma, urine, CSF, serous fluid, synovial fluid
89
A specimen that can't be used for glucose determination
Seminal fluid
90
The standard clinical specimen for glucose testing
Fasting venous plasma
91
The fasting time for FBS
8-10 hours fasting
92
WB glucose levels is ________% lower than plasma levels
10-15%
93
Glucose is metabolized at RT at a rate of what?
7 mg/dL per hour
94
At 4 degrees, glucose decreases by ?
2 mg/dL per hour
95
Tube used for glucose determination
Gray top
96
CSF glucose levels is how many % of the plasma level?
60-70%
97
The elevation in glucose level when there is a 10% contamination in the blood with 5% dextrose
500 mg/dL
98
Low CSF glucose can be seen in what condition?
Bacterial meningitis
99
In collecting blood for glucose testing (IV), you should stop the line for how many minutes?
5 minutes
100
Reference method for Glucose determination
Hexokinase method
101
Folin Wu method is used for the determination of what substance?
Glucose
102
Nelson Somogyi is a what kind of method for glucose determination?
Oxidase-Reduction method: Alkaline Copper Reduction method (Chemical)
103
What is the most specific enzyme reacting with only B-D-Glucose
Glucose Oxidase
104
What method used for glucose determination that uses a side reaction that consumes H2O2?
Colorimetric method
105
What method measures the rate of disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode?
Polarographic method
106
In Hexokinase method, NADPH has a strong absorbance of ?
340 nm
107
A glucose determination method that is not affected by ascorbic acid or uric acid
Hexokinase method
108
The defective enzyme for Andersen glycogen storage disease
Branching enzyme
109
What is the defective enzyme of Hers glycogen storage disease?
Phosphorylase
110
What is the glycogen storage disease type for having the Glucosidase enzyme defect?
Pompe
111
G6P defective enzyme, what type of storage disease?
Von Gierke
112
What defective enzyme is presented in Cori storage disease?
Debranching enzyme
113
The defective enyzme for McArdle
Muscle phosphorylase
114
Liver phosphorylase defecctive enzyme, what type of glycogen storage disease?
Hers
115
