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Clinchem > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

A non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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2
Q

Sugar with one sugar unit

A

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

2 sugar units linked together by a glycosidic bond

A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

3-10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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5
Q

more than 10 sugar units

A

Polusaccharides

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6
Q

What bond is used to link 2 sugar units?

A

Glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What are the three types of Disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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8
Q

What are 3 types of Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose, galactose

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9
Q

Starch is an example of what type of sugar>

A

Polysaccharide

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10
Q

What organ secretes amylase?

A

Salivary gland and Pancreas

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11
Q

Another term for Salivary amylase

A

Ptyalin

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12
Q

Another term for Pancreatic amylase

A

Amylopsin

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13
Q

The enzyme for Maltose

A

Maltase

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14
Q

What is the substrate of Salivary amylase?

A

Starch

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15
Q

What is the enzyme for Sucrose?

A

Sucrase

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16
Q

What is the enzyme for Lactose?

A

Lactase

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17
Q

What is the enzyme for Maltose?

A

Maltase

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18
Q

Products of Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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19
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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20
Q

Products of Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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21
Q

What transport is done for Monosaccharides to be absorbed by the gut?

A

Active transport

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22
Q

What is the only carbohydrate to be used directly for energy?

A

Glucose

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23
Q

It allows the phosphorylation of glucose into Glucose-6-Phosphate

A

Hexokinase/Glukokinase

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24
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lypolysis

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25
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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26
Q

What is the metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for energy production?

A

Glycolysis

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27
Q

What pathway is the formation of G6P from non-carbohydrate sources?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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28
Q

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

A

Glyconeogenolysis

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29
Q

The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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30
Q

What is the hypoglycemic hormone?

A

Insulin

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31
Q

A hormone produced in the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

Insulin

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32
Q

What is the marker for endogenous insulin production?

A

C-peptide

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33
Q

Glycogen is an Oligosaccharide. T or F?

A

FALSE.
It is a Polysaccharide

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34
Q

What effect does Inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the insulin level do??

A

Decrease. Hypoglycemia

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35
Q

What is the anaerobic metabolic pathway?

A

Lactate

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36
Q

The aerobic metabolic pathway

A

Pyruvate

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37
Q

What does the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway generates?

A

Energy/ATP

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38
Q

What is the marker for hypoxia?

A

Lactic Acid

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39
Q

The most common enzyme deficiency in EMP/Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

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40
Q

RBCs are aerobic. T or F?

A

False. They don’t have mitochondria

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41
Q

What does the HMP/Pentose Phosphate Pathway generates?

A

NADPH

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42
Q

An antioxidant used to target free radicals in the body

A

Reduced Glutathion

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43
Q

An enzyme deficiency present in the HMP

A

G6PD

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44
Q

What do you call the byproducts of oxygen metabolism that can destroy cell membrane and cause lysis?

A

Free radicals

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45
Q

Produced by the alpha-cells of the islets of Langerhans

A

Glucagon

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46
Q

What organ does the hormone Glucagon targets?

A

Liver

47
Q

What is the major hyperglycemic hormone?

A

Glucagon

48
Q

Promoting liver glycogenolysis increases glucose. T/F

A

TRUE

49
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is the hormone cortisol produced?

A

Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex

50
Q

The adrenal cortex has 3 layers: Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, _________ ?

A

Zona reticularis

51
Q

Sex steroids are produced in what layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

52
Q

Mineralocorticoids are produced in the _________ layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa

53
Q

Hormone produced in the adrenal medulla that is hyperglycemic

A

Catecholamine

54
Q

Hyperglycemic hormone produced in the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone

55
Q

What hormone is produced in the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hyperglycemic?

A

Somatostatin

56
Q

Growth hormone _______ glucose level, and is produced in the _________ pituitary gland.

A

increases. anterior

57
Q

What syndrome is characterized by an elevated fasting blood glucose?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

58
Q

What type of DM has the absolute deficiency of insulin?

A

Type 1 DM

59
Q

Type ____ DM is caused by an autoimmune attack/destruction of beta cells.

A

1

60
Q

Characterized by a combination of insulin resistance & dysfunctional beta cells

A

Type 2 DM

61
Q

Insulin Dependent DM

A

Type 1

62
Q

Non-insulin dependent DM

A

Type 2

63
Q

A type of DM where C-peptide levels are detectable

A

Type 2 DM

64
Q

_________ DM is prone to ketoacidosis

A

Type 1 DM

65
Q

Type 2 DM is prone to Ketoacidosis. T/F

A

False.

66
Q

What ketone body has the highest content in the body?

A

B-hydroxybutyric acid

67
Q

What ketone has the least content in the body?

A

Acetone

68
Q

Acetoacetic acid (20%) is an example of a…

A

ketone body

69
Q

The glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellius

70
Q

What is the screening test for GDM?

A

2 hr OGTT using 75g glucose load

71
Q

What scientific term do you call “large baby”?

A

Macrosomia

72
Q

Hours of fasting for OGTT

A

8-14 hours

73
Q

How many carbohydrates should a patient consume for 3 days before fasting for OGTT?

A

atleast 150g/day

74
Q

Anticoagulant preferred to be used for OGTT

A

Sodium flouride, gray top tube

75
Q

What is the glucose load for children (OGTT)?

A
76
Q

The patient should finish the glucose load within how many minutes?

A

5-15 minutes

77
Q

What is the other term for HBA1C?

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

78
Q

What is the other term for Fructosamine?

A

Glycated Albumin

79
Q

HBA1C measures the blood glucose concentration for over the previous 3 months. T/F

A

TRUE

80
Q

What test is used to measure/monitor glucose control over the past 2-3 weeks?

A

Fructosamine (Glycated Albumim)

81
Q

How many Hba1C tests should he/she be taken in a year if a px has controlled DM?

A

every 6 months/ 2x in a year

82
Q

Patients with an uncontrolled DM should be tested for HbA1c every ________?

A

every 3 months/ quarterly, 4x in a year

83
Q

What specimen is used for HbA1c?

A

Whole blood

84
Q

Fructosamine is affected by what protein?

A

Albumin

85
Q

What do you call 3 symptoms needed to be present in order to diagnose hypoglycemia?

A

Whipple’s Triad

86
Q

For every 1% increase in HbA1c, there is a corresponding ________ in plasma glucose

A

35 mg/dL

87
Q

The glucose level range for Hypoglycemia?

A

50-55 mg/dL

88
Q

Give the 7 other possible specimens for glucose

A

WB, serum, plasma, urine, CSF, serous fluid, synovial fluid

89
Q

A specimen that can’t be used for glucose determination

A

Seminal fluid

90
Q

The standard clinical specimen for glucose testing

A

Fasting venous plasma

91
Q

The fasting time for FBS

A

8-10 hours fasting

92
Q

WB glucose levels is ________% lower than plasma levels

A

10-15%

93
Q

Glucose is metabolized at RT at a rate of what?

A

7 mg/dL per hour

94
Q

At 4 degrees, glucose decreases by ?

A

2 mg/dL per hour

95
Q

Tube used for glucose determination

A

Gray top

96
Q

CSF glucose levels is how many % of the plasma level?

A

60-70%

97
Q

The elevation in glucose level when there is a 10% contamination in the blood with 5% dextrose

A

500 mg/dL

98
Q

Low CSF glucose can be seen in what condition?

A

Bacterial meningitis

99
Q

In collecting blood for glucose testing (IV), you should stop the line for how many minutes?

A

5 minutes

100
Q

Reference method for Glucose determination

A

Hexokinase method

101
Q

Folin Wu method is used for the determination of what substance?

A

Glucose

102
Q

Nelson Somogyi is a what kind of method for glucose determination?

A

Oxidase-Reduction method: Alkaline Copper Reduction method (Chemical)

103
Q

What is the most specific enzyme reacting with only B-D-Glucose

A

Glucose Oxidase

104
Q

What method used for glucose determination that uses a side reaction that consumes H2O2?

A

Colorimetric method

105
Q

What method measures the rate of disappearance of oxygen using an oxygen electrode?

A

Polarographic method

106
Q

In Hexokinase method, NADPH has a strong absorbance of ?

A

340 nm

107
Q

A glucose determination method that is not affected by ascorbic acid or uric acid

A

Hexokinase method

108
Q

The defective enzyme for Andersen glycogen storage disease

A

Branching enzyme

109
Q

What is the defective enzyme of Hers glycogen storage disease?

A

Phosphorylase

110
Q

What is the glycogen storage disease type for having the Glucosidase enzyme defect?

A

Pompe

111
Q

G6P defective enzyme, what type of storage disease?

A

Von Gierke

112
Q

What defective enzyme is presented in Cori storage disease?

A

Debranching enzyme

113
Q

The defective enyzme for McArdle

A

Muscle phosphorylase

114
Q

Liver phosphorylase defecctive enzyme, what type of glycogen storage disease?

A

Hers

Clinchem (12 decks)

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