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Biochem > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A

Vitamins, minerals, fats, proteins, carbohydrates, water

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2
Q

What are the chemical components of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

What are the essential nutrients?

A

The nutrients we need to get through food

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4
Q

What are non essential nutrients?

A

The nutrients produced in the body

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5
Q

What are the essential functions of nutrients?

A
  • Provide energy (carbohydrates, protein, fats)
  • maintaining a constant internal environment (water, minerals, protein, fat)
  • regulating metabolic processes (carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals, water
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6
Q

How many essential nutrients are there?

A

About 45

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7
Q

Which nutrients provide energy to the body?

A

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins (the three macro nutrients) (as a bonus, alcohol provides energy as well)

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8
Q

Which nutrients do not provide energy to the body?

A

Vitamins, minerals and water (the three micronutrients)

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9
Q

What is the main provider of energy in the body?

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

What does the term carbohydrate denote?

A

A class of nutrients ranging from simple sugars (glucose) to complex carbohydrates (starch and indigestible fiber)

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11
Q

What is the opinion on simple sugars?

A

They are bad for you since they absorb easily and there is a higher risk of hyper glasimia

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12
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Provide a source of energy, facilitate metabolism and control body temperature
  • provide glucose that the brain, white and red blood cells rely on for their source of energy
    -glucose can also be converted to glycogen in muscle and the liver for storage
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13
Q

What is the main role of proteins?

A

Tissue synthesis (building muscles)

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14
Q

What is the types of ketone bodies and how do they accumulate?

A

Acetone, acetoacetate, 2-Hydroxybutyric acid
-they form when there is not enough carbohydrates to perform proper fat metabolism

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15
Q

What is the most abundant carbohydrate found in nature?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

What are complex carbohydrates, and can you provide examples?

A

Complex carbohydrates are longer-chain glucose molecules. Examples include starch and fiber.

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17
Q

What are sugar alcohols, and can you name two examples?

A

Sugar alcohols are alcohol forms of glucose and fructose. Two examples are sorbitol and mannitol.

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18
Q

How do most sugars end their names?

A

Most sugars end with the suffix -ose.

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19
Q

What suffix is commonly found in the names of digestive enzymes?

A

Digestive enzymes often end with the suffix -ase.

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20
Q

Provide an example of a sugar ending with -ose and its corresponding digestive enzyme.

A

The disaccharide sucrose ends with -ose, and its digestive enzyme is sucrase.

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21
Q

What sugars (monosaccharides) do you need to know?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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22
Q

What sugars (disaccharides) do you need to know?

A

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

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23
Q

What does oligosaccharides mean?

A

A few

24
Q

What polysaccharides do you need to know?

A

Starch and fiber

25
Q

What are short chain fatty acids used as?

A

Fuel for tissues
Examples of SCF are Acetane, Propínate and Butyrate

26
Q

What are simple carbohydrates seen as? (Glucose, fructose and galactose)

A

As unhealthy

27
Q

Where can you naturally find glucose?

A

In fruit and vegetables such as grapes, figs, tomatoes and apples

28
Q

Where can you find Fructose? (The sweetest of the monosaccharides)

A

Honey and many fruits

29
Q

Where can you find galactose?

A

DOES NOT OCCUR IN NATURE ALONE!
Can be found in dairy products (derives from lactose hydrolysis)

30
Q

What are the major disaccharides?

A

Lactose, maltose and sucrose

31
Q

Where do you find sucrose?

A

Sugar cane, sugar beets, maple sugar, fruits and vegetables

32
Q

Where do you find maltose?

A

Malt beverages (beer)and cereals.

33
Q

Where do you find lactose? 🐄

A

Milk and related dairy products only

34
Q

what are polysaccharides composed of?

A

More than 10 sugar units linked together in different configurations

35
Q

What does the diatry polysaccharides include?

A

Starch and fibre

36
Q

What is the animal storage form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

37
Q

Where is glycogen formed, and what is the name of this process?

A

In the liver, known as “glycogenesis”

38
Q

Where is glycogen stored, and for what?

A

In the muscle and liver for utilization when the body needs energy

39
Q

What are the three main roles of fibre?

A

Promoting gastrointestinal function and motility
Interfering with the absorption of dietary fat & cholesterol
Slowing the absorption of glucose to regulate insulin secretion

40
Q

What are some food sources for Starch?

A

Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes..

40
Q

What are some food sources for fibre?

A

Whole grain products like bread, cereal, pasta. Also potatoes with skin, unpeeled vegetables, whole fruits..

40
Q

How much of an adults calories should come from carbohydrates and what are the other percents?

A

50% should be carbohydrates, 5% sugar, and Fibre should be 30g (most people eats to little fibre)

40
Q

How is sugar alcohols, such as SORBITOL produced?

A

an aldehyde converts to OH

41
Q

What is the main fuel for cells?

A

Glucose

42
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus?

A

A group of disorders characterized by high levels of serum (blood) glucose (hyperglycaemia), high level of glucose in blood.

43
Q

What are the results of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Insulin resistance by cells
  • Impaired insulin secretion by the pancreas
  • And/or increased hepatic glucose production
44
Q

Why are there so many undiagnosed cases of diabetes? ex. 8 out of 29 million in America

A

Type one has symptoms but type two does not show symptoms that easily

45
Q

What are the biggest risk factors of Diabetes?

A

Blindness, amputation (infection), renal disease (kidney problems) and premature deaths

46
Q

What does IDDM stand for?

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type one). The body does not secrete enough/or nothing at all

47
Q

What are the results of T1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Glucose cannot be taken up by cells and rises in the blood above normal levels (hyperglycaemia).
Excess es excreted in the urine, and body cells become “starved” for energy

48
Q

What are some symptoms of T1DM?

A

polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite), and polyuria (excessive urination), as well as weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte disturbances

49
Q

How do you monitor T1DM?

A

With frequent blood glucose self-monitoring, daily insulin injections, a healthy diet, carbohydrate monitoring and regular physical activity

50
Q

What defects does T2DM have?

A

-Secretion of insulin by the pancreas (as in T1DM)
-Increased hepatic glucose production
-And/or defects in the action of insulin at the cellular level (insulin resistance)

51
Q

What are some risk factors for T2DM?

A
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Physical INactivity
  • Identified as pre-diabetic
  • Hypertension 140/90 or greater
  • High cholesterol and triglyceride level
  • Race/ethnicity
52
Q

What does Blood glucose response measure as?

A

Area under Curve (AUC), used to find out the Glycaemic index (GI)

Biochem (3 decks)

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