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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Compound containing C, H, and O and considered as the major source of energy supply for the body and stored as glycogen in the muscles

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Monosaccharides are:

A

Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form; there is one sugar molecule

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3
Q

Lactose is composed of

A

1 glucose, 1 galactose

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4
Q

Sucrose is composed of

A

1 glucose, 1 fructose

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5
Q

Carbohydrates can form ________ with other carbohydrates and with moncarbohydrates

A

Glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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8
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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9
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

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10
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

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11
Q

Action of Insulin

A
  • Increases glycogenesis and glycolysis
  • Increases lipogenesis
  • Decreases glycogenolysis
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12
Q

Action of Glucagon

A
  • Increases glycogenolysis
  • Increases gluconeogenesis
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13
Q

It decreases glucose and is named as the hypoglycemic agent

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glyconeogenesis and named as the hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Inhibits insulin secretion and causes stress

A

Epinephrine

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16
Q

Increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry inti the cell and increasing gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, while decreasing glycogenesis

A

Glucocorticoids

17
Q

Decreases entry of glucose int the cells and increasing glycogenolysis

A

Growth hormone

18
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increases plasma glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

19
Q

Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones

A

Somatostatin

20
Q

__________ is caused by an imbalance of hormones resulting to increased plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

21
Q

A defect caused by insulin secretion, and insulin action characterized by increased plasma glucose levels

A

Diabetes mellitus

22
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes mellitus?

A

B-cell destruction leading ti absolute insulin deficiency and development of autoantibodies with a tendency to develop ketoacidosis

23
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect

24
Q

Result of rapid, T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence

A

Type 1 Diabetes

25
Q

Sign and symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  • Polyphagia (increased food intake)
  • Rapid weight loss
  • hyperventilation
  • mental confusion
  • loss of consciousness
26
Q

Resistance results a relative, not an absolute, insulin deficiency. Occurs commonly in obese or patient with an increase percentage of body fat distribution in abdominal region

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

27
Q

Normal fasting glucose

A

70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L)

28
Q

Involves decreased plasma glucose levels

A

Hypoglycemia

29
Q

Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia should be made of

A

Whipple Triad

30
Q

Tube top preferred for collecting a test for glucose measurement

A

Gray top (Sodium flouride)

31
Q

Most specific enzyme reacting with only B-D-glucose

A

Glucose oxidase

32
Q

A coupled reaction where oxygen is consumed and hydrogen peroxide is produced for the side reaction, whilst, Horseradish peroxidase is used to catalyze the second reaction

A

Trinder reaction

33
Q

It is more specific than Glucose oxidase and converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of ATP

A

Hexokinase

34
Q

_________ is the term used to describe the formation of a ________ compound produced when __________ reacts with the amino acid group of hemoglobin

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin, glucose

35
Q

Normal value range for HbA1c

A

4.0%-6.0%

36
Q

Produced by the liver through metabolism of fatty acids to provide a ready energy source from stored lipids at times of low carbohydrate availability

A

Ketone bodies

37
Q

Renal threshold pf glucose measures up to

A

160-180 mg/dL

Clinical Chemistry (5 decks)

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