Carbohydrates Flashcards
Compound containing C, H, and O and considered as the major source of energy supply for the body and stored as glycogen in the muscles
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are:
Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form; there is one sugar molecule
Lactose is composed of
1 glucose, 1 galactose
Sucrose is composed of
1 glucose, 1 fructose
Carbohydrates can form ________ with other carbohydrates and with moncarbohydrates
Glycosidic bonds
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
What is Glycolysis?
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenesis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Action of Insulin
- Increases glycogenesis and glycolysis
- Increases lipogenesis
- Decreases glycogenolysis
Action of Glucagon
- Increases glycogenolysis
- Increases gluconeogenesis
It decreases glucose and is named as the hypoglycemic agent
Insulin
Acts by increasing blood glucose levels by glyconeogenesis and named as the hyperglycemic agent
Glucagon
Inhibits insulin secretion and causes stress
Epinephrine
Increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry inti the cell and increasing gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, while decreasing glycogenesis
Glucocorticoids
Decreases entry of glucose int the cells and increasing glycogenolysis
Growth hormone
What does thyroxine do?
Increases plasma glucose by increasing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones
Somatostatin
__________ is caused by an imbalance of hormones resulting to increased plasma glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
A defect caused by insulin secretion, and insulin action characterized by increased plasma glucose levels
Diabetes mellitus
What is Type 1 Diabetes mellitus?
B-cell destruction leading ti absolute insulin deficiency and development of autoantibodies with a tendency to develop ketoacidosis
What is Type 2 Diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect
Result of rapid, T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence
Type 1 Diabetes
Sign and symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (increased food intake)
- Rapid weight loss
- hyperventilation
- mental confusion
- loss of consciousness
Resistance results a relative, not an absolute, insulin deficiency. Occurs commonly in obese or patient with an increase percentage of body fat distribution in abdominal region
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Normal fasting glucose
70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L)
Involves decreased plasma glucose levels
Hypoglycemia
Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia should be made of
Whipple Triad
Tube top preferred for collecting a test for glucose measurement
Gray top (Sodium flouride)
Most specific enzyme reacting with only B-D-glucose
Glucose oxidase
A coupled reaction where oxygen is consumed and hydrogen peroxide is produced for the side reaction, whilst, Horseradish peroxidase is used to catalyze the second reaction
Trinder reaction
It is more specific than Glucose oxidase and converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of ATP
Hexokinase
_________ is the term used to describe the formation of a ________ compound produced when __________ reacts with the amino acid group of hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin, glucose
Normal value range for HbA1c
4.0%-6.0%
Produced by the liver through metabolism of fatty acids to provide a ready energy source from stored lipids at times of low carbohydrate availability
Ketone bodies
Renal threshold pf glucose measures up to
160-180 mg/dL
